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Tutorial 12-1
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Topic 16 Homo sapiens
400,000 BP to present
Africa, Asia, Europe
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Homo sapiens
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Archaic Homo sapiens
Atapuerca 300,000 BP
Steinheim 250,000-200,000 BP
Swanscombe 250,000 BP
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European Neanderthals
La Chapelle 50,000 BP
La Ferrassie 38,000 BP
Combe Grenal 90,000-40,000 BP
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Middle Eastern Neanderthals
Tabun Cave 40,000 BP
Skhul Cave 35,000 BP
Shanidar Cave 45,000 BP
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Skeletal Anatomy

• post-cranial modern

• skull variable

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Archaic Homo sapiens

• brain 1200 -1400 cc

• brow ridges pronounced

• decreased prognathism

• smaller teeth

• foramen magnum forward

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'Classic' Neanderthals

• long low cranial vault

• heavy brow ridges

• cranial capacity 1300-1600 cc

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'Classic' Neanderthals

• chin absent

• large noses

• heavily muscled

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Neanderthal DNA studies

• Neander Valley fossils

• 27 / 28 base pair difference from H.s. sapiens

• Homo neanderthalis?

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Middle Palaeolithic Technology
e.g., Mousterian
100,000 - 40,000 BP

• Neanderthals

• Homo sapiens sapiens

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1. Increased refinement

• prepared core (Levallois)
• technique

conservation of energy
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1. Increased refinement

• Disc-core technique

conservation of resource
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2. Increased Diversity

• more tool types than Acheulian

• composite tools

• variety of tools

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Combe-Grenal
5 distinct tool assemblages

• temporal change?

• Binford functional tool kits?

• Bordes ethnic groups?

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Subsistence

• essentially modern hunters gatherers

• cooperative hunting of big-game

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Mortuary Practices
1st to bury dead

• La Ferrassie (France) family burial

• Shanidar IV (Iraq) flower burial

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Social Consciousness
Care of Handicapped

• La Chapelle aux Saints

• Shanidar I

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Religion / Hunting Magic

• ceremony/ritual

• belief in afterlife

• cave bear cult?

e.g., Drachenloch, Switzerland
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Beginnings of Art

• carving churingas

• music flute

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Anatomically Modern Humans
Homo sapiens sapiens

• 180,000 -gt present

• world-wide

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Africa
180,000 BP
Klasies R. Mouth 130-75,000 BP
Langebaan 117,000 BP
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Asia
100,000 BP
Quafzeh, Israel 90,000 BP
Diuktai, Russia 33,000 BP
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Europe
40,000 BP
Dolni-Vestonice 27,000 BP
Dordogne River 25 - 10,000 BP
Lascaux Cave 20,000 BP?
Altamira Cave 15 - 10,000 BP
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Peopling of Australia
possibly 100,000 BP
likely 50,000 BP
definitely 40,000 BP
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Australia

• Sunda Sahul

• watercraft?

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Australia
Willandra Lakes 37,000 BP
Devil's Lair 30 - 5,000 BP
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Peopling of Americas
possibly 30,000 BP
likely 20,000 BP
definitely 13,000 BP
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North South America
Kennewick, WA 20,000 BP?
Meadowcroft, PA 20,000 BP?
Monte Verde, Chile 12,000 BC
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