Before there were

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Before there were gringos

• The Pre-encounter Western Hemisphere, 20,000 B.
  C. E.-1492

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What we think we know

• Beringian Hypothesis
• By 12,000 B. C. E., human beings inhabited the
  whole span of the Western Hemisphere
• Archaeological Studies cast doubt on single wave
  of migration

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Olmecs andTehotihuacan

• Olmecswriting, calendar, ballgames, large basalt
  heads (1400-500 B. C. E. in southern Mexico)
• Tehotihuacan--elaborate urban architecture (100
  b. c. e-500 c. e. Central Valley of Mexico)

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(No Transcript)
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Tehotihuacan The "Camino de los Muertos" from
thePyramid of the Sun
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Mayas

• Yucutan and Belize 500 950
• great science and math, urban centers

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What happened to the Maya?

• Theories
• ecological devastations
• internal social and political unrest
• external invasion

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Maya Solar Calendar
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Agricultural Foundations for Human Civilization
in the Americas
Olmecs and Mayas were farmers. Between 5000 B.
C. E. and 2500 B. C. E., cultivation of corn was
developed.
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Aztec

• Empire flourished from about 1325-1520
• Vast political, trade, and tribute network
• capital city was Tenochtitlan
• conquered by Cortes.

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Aztec Empire
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Artists rendering of Tenochtitlan
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Quechua Empire (Inca)

• extended through Ecuador, Peru, and Chile
• flourished from about 1200 to 1533
• conquered by Juan Pizarro.
• The ruler, the Inca, had great power and kept his
  empire together through a network of roads over
  which messengers ran carrying instructions/account
  ing written in the form of knotted ropes.

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Quechua Empire
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Machu Picchu, major temple and administration
center
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Human Beings al Norté

• Pueblo-Hohokam
• Adena-Hopewell
• Mississippian

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Southwest Peoples

• Book to read Stephen Plog, Ancient Peoples of
  the Southwest
• Slow to develop agriculture
• Major cultural flowerings
• HOHOKAMSouthern Arizona 1000 B. C. E.-
  1100Ball Courts, feathers
• MOGOLLANSouthern New Mexico 1000 B. C. E.-1000
  Pit Houses and Pottery
• ANASAZI (now properly called Ancestral
  Puebloans)1000 B. C. E. 1300Northern New
  Mexico and Arizonalarge villages and cliff
  dwellings, good roads.

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Pueblo BonitoChaco Canyon, New Mexico
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Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, Colorado
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ADENA-HOPEWELL

• Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys 1000 B. C.
  E.-800 A. D.
• Burial Mounds
• Trade Goods

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Adena Hopewell Villagecomputer enhanced image by
scholars at the University of Cincinnati
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MISSISSIPPIAN

• Flourished 900-1550
• Lower Mississippi Valley
• great moundbuilders

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Emerald Mound in Mississippi 3.5 football fields
long
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Other Peoples

• GREAT PLAINS1500 B. C. E. Presenthunters,
  gatherers, transhumance, bows and arrowsgot
  horse in 1600.
• GREAT BASIN1500 B. C. E.-Presenthunters,
  gatherers, horticulturalistsUTES (NYUUTSIYU)
• ARTIC/SUBARTIC5000 B. C. E.-Presentgood boats,
  whale hunters.
• PACIFIC NORTHWEST5000 B. C. E.-Presentgood
  fishers, hunters of whales, netters of fish.
  (Tlingits)
• MUSKOGEAN1500 presentSoutheastmoundbuilders
  and farmers (Natchez, Chickasaw, Choctaw)
• IROQUOIS1400 presentNew YorklonghousesSenecas,
  Cayugas, Onondogas, Oneidas, Mohawks.
• ALGONQUIAN1200 presentagriculture, hunting,
  gathering, fishing.
• CARIBBEAN1000-1500fishers, canoe borne commerce
  (ARAWAKSColumbus encountered these)

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Misc.

• In 1492, TOTAL INDIAN POPULATION57 million to
  112 million
• How do we know about these lost peoples/
  Archaeologyclovis/folsom hypothesis. Kennewick
  Manwas he a Caucasoid ecotumor? Oral History.