Body-related loanwords in

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Body-related loanwords in Šóka Romani

• Viktor Elšík (Charles University)

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Šóka Romani
Poland
Czechia
NC
Ukraine
SC
Austria
Hungary
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Slovak
Hungarian
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Šóka Romani

• village of Selice / Sók / Šóka
• 3,500 inhabitants
• 2,200 Roma Rumungri (Central dialect)
• 300 Roma Pojáki (Vlax dialect)
• 2,000 Hungarians
• multilingualism
• Rumungri Central R, Hungarian, Slovak, (Czech)
• Pojáki Vlax R, Central R, Slovak, (Czech),
  (Hungarian)
• Hungarians Hungarian, (Slovak), ((Central R))
• high ecological and social integration

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Attitudes towards loanwords
GLOSS LATVIAN ROMANI LATVIAN ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
policeman džukel dog cendéri
physician sascakiribnaskiro heal GEN orvoši
teacher siklakiribnaskiro teaching GEN tanító
butcher masengiro meat PL.GEN henteši
fisherman machengiro fish PL.GEN halási
dancer khelibnaskiro dancing GEN táncoši
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Lexical layers in Romani

• a) indigenous Indo-Aryan
• b) inherited borrowings borrowed before the
  split of Early Romani into dialects
• c) dialect-specific borrowings borrowed after
  the split of Early Romani into dialects

INHERITED
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Lexical layers in Šóka Romani

• Indo-Aryan
• West Iranian
• Armenian, Ossetic, Georgian
• 10th c. Greek
• South Slavic
• Croatian
• 16/17th c. current Hungarian
• 1920 current Slovak
• 1950 current Czech

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Browns list
No. GLOSS EARLY ROMANI EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
4.150 blood rat OIA rakta- rat
4.160 bone kokalo lt G kokkalo kokal
4.180 tail pori MIA pora- farka lt H farok
4.210 eye jakh OIA ak?i- jakh
4.220 ear kan OIA kar?a- kan
4.230 nose nakh MIA nakka- nakh
4.270 tooth dand OIA danta- dand
4.360 knee koc lt G kotsi térda lt H térd
4.530 cough xasa- OIA kasa- keheg- lt H köhög
4.610 sleep sov- OIA svapa- sov-
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Browns list statistics

• BODY
• 60 indigenous lt 80 in ER
• 40 loans lt 10-20 in ER
• 30 Hungarian loans ( 75 of all loans)
• TOTAL
• 47.8 indigenous
• 47.4 loans, 49.6 incl. loan derivations
• 37.8 Hungarian loans ( 79.8 of all loans)
• relatively high percentage of indigenous words in
  body-related vocabulary

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IDS4 Pre-Hungarian loanwords
NO. GLOSS WORD ETYMOLOGY TYPE OF LOAN
4.120 skin, hide cipa G tsipa membrane, skin shifted loan
4.144145 body/ pubic hair zár P zehar loan
4.160 bone kokal G kokkalo loan
4.205 forehead cekat P cakad or A cakat loan
4.212 eyebrow cimbla G cimbla eye mucus shifted loan
4.331 palm burnik A burr-n? a handful shifted loan
4.340380 finger, toe angušt IA angu??ha- or P angušt possible loan
4.660 defecate hin- IA or G (unclear) possible loan
4.680 shiver rezd- P larzi- possible loan
4.810 strong zorálo P zor strength IA -ala- loan derivation
4.970 blind koro P kor loan
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Shifted loanwords

• talpa sole heel lt H talp
• standard H sole (cf. sarok heel)
• local H sole heel
• jelo scar lt H jel
• standard local Hungarian H mark, sign (cf.
  sebhely scar)
• local Rom H mark, sign scar
• nakciga nape of neck lt H nyak neck csiga
  snail
• standard H tarkó nape of neck but cf. csigolya
  vertebra
• local? ethnolectal?
• in practice, difficult to distinguish internal
  semantic shifts in the recipient language from
  dialectal (incl. ethnolectal) input from the
  source language

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IDS4 statistics
SOURCE LOANWORDS OF LOANWORDS OF WORDS
West Iranian 4 5.3
Armenian 1 1.3
Greek 3 3.9
Slavic 1 1.3
Hungarian 63 82.9 42.3
unclear source 4 5.3
all loanwords 76 100 51.0
possible loan 4
counts on entries, not individual words
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Taboo words
EARLY ROMANI EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
vagina mindž OIA madya- mindž
penis kar MIA ka?a- kár
testicle pelo OIA pela- pélo
h. intercourse kur- OIA ku??aya- kúr-
buttocks bul OIA buli- bul
excrement khul OIA gutha- khul
defecate xin- lt G or IA (unclear) hin-
urine muter OIA mutra- muter
urinate muter- muter-
fart ?il lt P ri-dan khan (lt khand smell)
fart d- ?il give fart khanar-
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Bones etc.
šing IA
4.160 bone kokal lt G kokkalo
4.162 rib pašváro ódalborda OIA pa?su-pataka- lt H oldalborda
4.170 horn sarva lt H szarv
4.191 spine hátgerinci lt H hátgerinc
4.202 skull kopona lt H koponya
4.301 shoulderblade lapocka lt H lapocka
4.302 collarbone ---
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Bodily handicaps
GLOSS EARLY ROMANI EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
blind ko?o lt P kor koro
deaf ka-šuko kan OIA kar?a- šuko OIA su?ka- kašuko
mute lal(o?)o OIA lall(ar)a- nímavo lt H néma
lame langalo OIA la?ga- bango bénavo OIA va?ka- lt H béna
bald ? kopasno lt H kopasz
naked nango OIA nagna- nango
drunk mato OIA matta- máto
tired khino OIA k?i?a- fárotno lt H fáradt
lazy ? luštavo lt H lusta
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Upper limbs and their parts
GLOSS EARLY ROMANI EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
hand vast OIA hasta- va
arm musi IA (unclear)
upper arm ? musi
forearm ? (lower upper arm) (lower upper arm)
palm muštik OIA mu??i- burnik lt A burrn?
fist dumukh (unclear) dumuk
finger angušt OIA angu??ha- angušt
shoulder phiko OIA spiya- vállo lt H váll
elbow kuni OIA ko?a- keneka lt H könyök
wrist ? cukló lt H csukló
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Lower limbs and their parts
GLOSS EARLY ROMANI EARLY ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI ŠÓKA ROMANI
foot pin?o OIA pi??a- pro
leg heroj OIA ha??a-
thigh cang OIA jangha- cang
calf ? (lower thigh) (lower thigh)
sole ? talpa lt H talp
heel khur OIA ghu?a-
toe (finger) (finger) (finger)
hip ? forgó lt H forgó
knee ? térda lt H térd
ankle koc lt G kotsi boka lt H boka
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Parts of limbs
H
IA
IA
H
H
A
x
IA
H
x
H
IA
H
H
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Limbs and their parts

• borrowability
• hand arm and foot leg never borrowed
• all other parts of limbs borrowable
• borrowing asymmetries
• whole lt part
• parts hand/foot lt other lt joints
• widespread parallelism (upper lower)
• diversity asymmetries
• hand lt arm hand extended
• foot lt leg foot, thigh, bone extended

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Parts of head/face
A
G
H
H
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
H
IA
H
H
IA
IA
H
mouth, lip, tooth, tongue
gum
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Internal organs
parno buko lung kalo buko liver
4.130 flesh mas OIA ma?sa-
4.150 blood rat OIA rakta-
4.151 vein, artery era lt H ér
4.440 heart jílo OIA h?daya-
4.441 lung tidó lt H tüdo
4.450 liver búko májo OIA v?kka- lt H máj
4.451 kidney vešó lt H vese
4.452 spleen šlézinka lt Slavic slezinka
4.460 stomach domra lt H gyomor
4.461 intestines gój OIA gu?a-
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Explanations?

• Society and culture
• integration gt more loanwords
• taboo domains gt less loanwords (!)
• cultural saliency e.g. food gt body parts
• Cognition
• semantic levels e.g. wholes vs. parts, general
  vs. specific
• cognitive vs. cultural saliency
• cognitive parallelism