Serafino Negrelli University of Brescia

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Serafino Negrelli(University of Brescia)
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VOICE FOR EQUALITY OF CAPABILITIES The idea of
equality is confronted by two different types of
diversities (1) the basic heterogeneity of
human beings, and (2) the multiplicity of
variables in terms of which equality can be
judged. The effect of ignoring the interpersonal
variations can be deeply inegalitarian, in hiding
the fact that equal consideration for all may
demand very unequal treatment in favour of the
disadvantaged. Sen, Inequality Reexamined
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Sens Theory of Capabilities

• Characteristics the various desirable properties
  of the commodities
• Functionings what the person succeeds in doing
  with the commodities and characteristics at his
  or her command what a person can desire as
  valuable to do or to be from most elementary
  ones (being well-nourished, avoiding escapable
  morbidity and premature mortality, etc.) to quite
  complex and sophisticated achievements (having
  self-respect, being able to take part in the life
  community, THAT IS social representation,
  negotiation, participation/argumentation)
• Capability alternative combinations of
  functionings the person can achieve, and from
  which he or she can choose one collection.
  Positive freedom to achieve more kinds of life.
• Conversion factors institutions and
  organizations (capvoice and capdeliber
  overlapping).

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Hirschmans Theory of Voice

• People in search for changing practices,
  strategies, products and services of
  institutions, organizations, society. Any attempt
  to change a bad situation through
• Individual or collective action
• Call for intervention of an authority
• Any kind of action and protest to mobilize public
  opinion and civic society

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Capabilities and Voice
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Capabilities for social representation (to be
recognized)
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Capabilities to be represented for insiders and
outsiders (Sen, Travail et droits, 2000/2)

• On a souvent reproché aux organisations
  ouvrières de ne défendre que des secteurs bien
  particuliers, en méconnaissant les
  préoccupations légitimes dautres secteurs (les
  catégories non syndacalisées, les travailleur des
  entreprises familiales, les chomeurs de longue
  durée) et les sacrifices qui leur étaitent
  imposés
• En se focalisant sur les problèmes du secteur
  informel, on risque à linverse de passer trop
  vite sur les acquis, durement gagnès, des
  travailleurs du secteur formel, en opérant un
  nivellement par le bas

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Freedom to be representedSen, Rationality and
Freedom, 2002 10

• Opportunity aspect dont leave the choice to
  me, you know this restaurant and my tastes, you
  should choose what I would like to have
• Process aspect I know you can express my views
  much better than I can, but let me speak for
  myself

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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Germany (Nuremberg)
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Germany (Leipzig)
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UK West Midlands

• Voluntary (and non-statutory) Regional Chambers
  or Regional Assemblies
• mainly to be drawn from local government but
  also including interests groups such as business
  organisations, trade unions, voluntary
  organisations and higher education

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ITALY brescia
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ITALY brescia
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Italy Brescia and Turin
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Capabilities for collective action and social
negotiation
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Problems of collective action and bargaining

• The problem of free-riding (Olson)
• Distributive vs. integrative bargaining (Walton,
  McKersie) the problem of a controlled
  decentralization (Visser)
• The political exchange (scambio politico,
  Pizzorno) the problem of encompassing
  organizations
• The conditions of social exchange (division of
  labour, social representation, external/internal
  labour markets and welfare systems) relevant for
  quality of work, equal pay, and conciliation
  between working time and life time.

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Legal and institutional framework
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Works councils can renegotiate certain
collectively agreed standards at company level,
if entitled by sectoral agreements. In
companies with no union representation, unions
can appoint 'mandated employees' to negotiate
with the employer, but any agreement has to be
confirmed by the union. There are agreements
with 'normal' applicability covering trade union
members only and agreements with erga omnes
applicability covering all employees.
National and sectoral agreements cover only trade
union members, while company agreements cover all
employees of the company. Until recently
extension was possible for multi-employer
agreements, but following a ruling by the
Constitutional Court, since April 2004 the Czech
Republic's legislative provisions on extension of
collective agreements have been rescinded.
Employee representatives are entitled to conclude
collective agreements in companies where
employees are not organised in trade unions, but
works councils do not yet exist. Source EIRO.
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Legal and institutional framework
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X existing level of wage bargaining XX
important, but not dominant level of wage
bargaining XXX dominant level of wage
bargaining (XXX) bargaining on national
minimum wage. Consultation on the minimum wage
in the sense that the social partners will
probably consult the government if they plan to
modify the minimum wage. There are no figures
on Irish bargaining coverage available, but
coverage must be above 44.5 (which is the union
density rate) since all union members are
automatically covered by national agreements,
while many non-union employees de facto receive
the nationally agreed pay increases. There is
one main intersectoral agreement covering all
manufacturing sectors in Denmark bargaining
coverage refers to private sector only (it is
almost 100 in the public sector).
Bargaining coverage refers to west Germany - in
east Germany bargaining coverage is only about
54. Bargaining coverage refers to Cypriot
private sector only (it is almost 100 in the
public sector). There is automatic annual
adjustment of wages to price developments in
Malta different studies estimate the proportion
of employees covered by collective agreements at
between 40 and 60. All employees in
Romania are covered by the national agreement on
minimum wages no figures are available on the
coverage of sectoral and company agreements, but
it is estimated that a large proportion of
employees are not covered by these agreements.
Sources EIRO European Commission, Industrial
Relations in Europe 2004.
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Dominant bargaining level
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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Extension
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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Changes since 1990s
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Future strategies by social actors
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Germany (Nuremberg)
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Germany (Nuremberg)
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UK West Midlands

• Regional Assemblies have certainly broadened the
  range of stakeholders involved in regional
  activity and strengthened partnership working
  (and other regional policies such as regarding
  social inclusion)
• Concordat signed in 2001, updated in 2003, to
  provide a framework for regional working.

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Ciampi Protocol
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Turin a traditional place of industrial conflict

• 2000-03 7,4 of conflicts originating from work
  relationship in Italy from Piedmont. In 2000 and
  2001 the number of conflict is 9,4 and 8,2 of
  the Italian total. More than 570 thousands of
  conflicts per year.
• Regional inclination towards a voice strategy
  of managing work relationships and industrial
  relations. While in Italy a lot of working hours
  are lost because of conflicts outside of working
  relationship, in Piedmont these are a minority.
  In Piedmont the big national strikes are
  apparently less important, while work conflict is
  perceived as a way to deal with problems at
  firms and local level.
• Sectors more heavily concerned by work conflicts
  Manufacturing Industry Transport and
  Communication Services and various Social
  Activities Electricity, gas, water Credit and
  Insurance.

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Piedmont collective bargaining

• The role of trade-unions in the regulation of
  labour market and working conditions is
  weakening.
• Piedmont is however characterized with still
  intense collective bargaining at firms level.
• 2002-04 articulated bargaining (i.e. local
  contracts complementary to national ones)
  affected 5.6 of industrial firms, but 50,4 of
  industrial employees. For firms and employees
  covered by the metal workers unions percentages
  are respectively 8,4 and 71 (data provided by
  Ires-Cgil).

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Italy Brescia, Turin, Melfi
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Capabilities for argumentation and social
discussion/participation
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Labsence de transparence dans les affaires, le
manque de participation publique au controle des
opérations économiques et financières, a joué un
grand role, dans certaines pays, dans la genèse
de la crise, et labsence de forum démocratique
efficace y a été pour beaucoup. Sil y avait été
possible de contester par la voie démocratique
lempire de certaines familles ou de certains
groupes, dans plusieurs de ces pays, les choses
auraient pu se passer très différemment Sen,
Travail et droits, 2000/2
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Capability for argumentation

• The role of social interactions in the
  development of values
• Sen, Rationality and Freedom, 2002 264
• The definition of democracy as government by
  discussion implies that individual values can
  and do change in the process of decision making
• Buchanan, 1954

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Source European Commission, Industrial Relations
in Europe 2004
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Germany (Nuremberg)
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UK West Midlands

• Regional Assembly and other ten associations
  signing the Concordat, together with the complex
  set of institutions working at sub-regional
  level, for developing regional strategies
• economy, transport, marketing, innovation,
  culture, employment and skills action,
  sustainable development, housing, Europe.

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Italy
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Capabilities for voice are territorial
capabilities? As

• Collective capabilities of actors and
  institutions able to set and solve problems at
  the regional levels? (Zalio)
• Capabilities locally embedded use of territorial
  resources by collective and individual actors?
  (Trigilia)
• Capabilities of the local production systems to
  maintain, renew, and restructure? (Castells)
• Enhancing individual capabilities? (Salais)
• Regional actors in social dialogue towards
  politics of capabilities? (Lindley, Orton)

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