Photovoltaic Power Generation

1
Photovoltaic Power Generation
Design Laboratory Text for Stand-Alone Solar
Panel Power Generation
The aim of this paper was edited as teaching for
Photovoltaic basic technology for school by
Nuriya based on Mr.Kawauchis data. Mr.Kanauchi
who belongs Oversea Research Development Section
in KYOSERA Corporation

• System Configuration of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic
  Power Generation System
• Charge force Power vs. Discharge Power
• The fundamental factor which should be taken into
  consideration
• Fundamental formula Photovoltaic Electrical
  Supply Capacity
• Fundamental formula Battery Electrical Capacity
• Configuration Components
• Appendix Definition of the Battery Terms

• Charge Controller
• Battery
• DC-AC Inverter

2
System Configuration of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic
Power Generation System

• The Photovoltaic can be classified into two
  typed which are Stand-Alone type and
• Grid-connect type with.

Photovoltaic (Solar Panel Generation)
3
Fundamental Factor

• Charge force Power vs. Discharge Power

PV Array
Charge Controller
Load Equipment
Junction Box
DC/AC Inverter
Storage Battery
Supply Power from PV Array (Ppv)
Supply Power from storage Battery (Pv)
Charge electromotive force Power Ppv PL
(PPVgtPL) ----(1)
Discharge Power PL-PPV (PPVgtPL) ---(2)
4
Fundamental Factor

• The fundamental factor which should be taken into
  consideration

• The first consideration is the insolation
  (sunshine) connected peripherals.

Monthly Insolation
(under influence)
Generation of electrical
Retained Peripherals
Batterys electricity capacity
(under influence)

• Monthly Insolation (KW/m2/day).

( It can investigate from Website database of the
Meteorological observatory.)

• Average Insolation (KW/m2/day).

1)Investigation of change of the power
consumption per day. 2) Calculation of the
Average Demand Power ADP(100620063006
1006)/24(hr) 175(W)
5
Fundamental Formula Photovoltaic Electrical
Supply Capacity
Photovoltaic Electrical Capacity Pm
Pm(24/Qmin)PL / K
PmPV Electrical Capacity W Qmin Standard
amount of isolation kWh/m2/day PL Average
Electrical load power W K safety factor (0.6)

• Conditions for the Exercise

• Appliance which receives the electric power
  supply from PV

• Electrical Light 14 (W), 12 (V) 3 sets
• Radio 5 (W), 12 (V) 1set
• Continuously Non-sunshine day 4 days
• System Supply Voltage 12 (V)
• At Latitude 14.37 Longitude 121

• Monthly Insolations (KW/m2/day).

PL (24/Qmin)PL / K 14 (W)3 (sets)12
(hr) 5 (W)1(set)12(hr) / 24(hr)
23.5(W) Qmin3.51 (KW/m2/day). K 0.6
Photovoltaic Electrical Capacity needs 268 (W)
or more
Pm (24/3.51)23.5 / 0.6 ? 268W
6
Fundamental Formula battery Electrical
Capacity
Battery Electrical Capacity Be
Be(PL24D) / (KbV)
Be Batterys Charge Capacity Ah PL Average
load power W D Non-sunshine day Kb
Correction Coefficient (0.665) V System
Operational Voltage V
PL (24/Qmin)PL / K 14 (W)3 (sets)12
(hr) 5 (W)1(set)12(hr) / 24(hr)
23.5(W) D 4 (days). K b0.665 V 12 (V)
668mm
KD135GH-2P
Electrical Performance under Standard Test
Condition
Maximum Power (Pmax)
135 W
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmpp)
17.7V
1500mm
Maximum Power Current (Impp)
7.63A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)
22.1V
Be 23.5 (W) 244 / (0.66512)283 (Ah)
Short Circuit Current (Isc)
8.37A
Battery Electrical Capacity needs 283 (Ahr) or
more
Maximum System Voltage
1000V
??130,000? (Not sure)
KD135GH-2P 2sets (parallel connection)
Maximum Power 270 (W) Maximum Current 15.26
(A) Output Voltage 22.1 (V)
??84,000? (Not sure)
7
Configuration Components
1 Charge Controller

• Main function of Charge Controller is to prevent
  over charge and over discharge.
• At first Solar cell panel and a battery
  should be decided. The Charge controller should
  be selected thereafter

• Main Function

• Over charge prevention to Battery
• Reverse current protection from Battery to PV
• Over discharge protection of Battery
• The optional function of charge controller are as
  follows

• Reveres polarity of solar modules, battery and
  load
• Over current protection
• Short circuit protection
• Display
• Over temperature protection

8
Charge Controller

• The classification by type of overcharge
  prevention

• The classification by a control method.

When the battery voltage return to reset voltage
, circuit shall automatically return to normal
connected condition.
?1Steca Product Catalog 2008/2009 Steca Solarix
Assembled by Kyocera
9
Charge Controller

• Over-discharge Protection

Deep discharge protection
Reconnection Set point
Items

• Considerations for Product Selection

• Rush-Current of the Load shall be within the
  rated output of Controllers specification.

• Voltage and Current of Load shall be within the
  rated output of Controllers specification.

• Input Voltage/Current of controller shall be
  under the PVs Specification which are Open
  Circuit Voltage and Short Circuit Current.

10
Charge Controller

• Product Example

?1 http//www.xantrex.com/web/id/72/p/252/pt/5/pro
duct.asp Assembled by Kyocera
11
Battery
Application
2 Battery

• Classification of Battery by types

• Classification of Battery by applications

AhAmpere hours that can be discharged from a
battery.
Ah/hr The discharge rate of a battery is usually
quoted in the number of hours that the battery
will last at that current. So at the 20-hour
rate, the battery can produce current for 20
hours. Same as C20.
For example, It is that Battery of rating
capacity can discharge at 10A in the case of
100Ah at a 10 hours rate for 10 hours.
12
Battery

• Characteristics of the Lead Acid Battery

• Discharge Characteristics

C-Rate An expression describing rate of
discharge. The number indicates the number of
hours to completely discharge the battery at a
constant current. So C/20 is the current draw at
which the battery will last for 20 hours, C/1 is
the current at which the battery will last 1
hour.
For example, gt when To charge battery of
the rate in 0.05C for 100Ah, 20 hours
rate,100Ah0.055A ?To charge it at 5A.

• Constant Current Charge Characteristics

Cut-off Voltage of discharge the cutoff (final)
voltage is the prescribed lower-limit voltage at
which battery discharge is considered complete.

• Temperature Characteristics

Temperature EffectElectrolyte specific gravity,
charge voltage, capacity has temperature
dependence.

• Guiding for Selection

• Capacity The Battery Capacity charges depend
  on discharging rate.
• Charge Current The Charging degree-charges
  depending on charging current.
• Temperature dependency The rate capacity shall
  be selected according to
• 
  operation temperature and discharging current.

13
DC-AC Inverter
3 DC-AC Inverter
Main function of DC (Direct Current) -AC
(Alternating Current) Inverter is to convert DC
to AC.

• Functions

• Optional Functions

• To convert DC into AC. To make appropriate output
  wave for the Load
• Over Current protection of Load
• Reverse polarity protection in input to Inverter

• Short circuit protection
• Display
• Over temperature protection

• Consideration for Product Selection

• It is necessary to choose inverter having the
  output wave pattern suitable for load.
• Modified Sine Wave, Square wave are not
  appropriate for the microcomputer machinery
• Sine wave are appropriate for major kind of
  load
• Voltage and current of load shall be within the
  output of inverter

14
DC-AC Inverter

• Product Example

?1http//www.stecasolar.com/index.php?Steca_XPC_en
?2http//www.xantrex.com/web/id/27/p/81/pt/5/prod
uct.asp ?3 http//www.powertite.co.jp/ PowerTITE
Assembled by Kyocera
15
Appendix Definition of The Battery Terms
?1SBA 6004-1985 Assembled by Kyocera
?1SBA 6004-1985 Assembled by Kyocera
16
Design Exercise(1)
Design Exercise
The design condition for an exercise
Load Conditions
3 (three) Lit bulbs,14 W (consumptive
power),12V(Operational Voltage)
Radio , 5W , 220V

• Continuously Non-sunshine days 4days
• System Voltage 12V
• Safety factor (0.6), Correction Coefficient
  (0.665)

• Monthly Insolations (KW/m2/day).

17
Design Exercise(1)

• Photovoltaic Electrical Capacity Pm

Photovoltaic Electrical Capacity Pm
Pm(24/Qmin)PL / K
PmPV Electrical Capacity W Qmin Standard
amount of isolation kWh/m2/day PL Average
Electrical load power W K safety factor (0.6)
Qmin 3.51kWh/m2/day
PL (14W312h5W112h) / 24h
23.5W
K 0.6
Pm (24/3.51)23.5 / 0.6 ? 268W min

• Battery Electrical Capacity Be

Battery Electrical Capacity Be
Be(PL24D) / (KbV)
Be Batterys Charge Capacity Ah PL Average
load power W D Non-sunshine day Kb
Correction Coefficient (0.665) V System
Operational Voltage V
PL (14W312h 5W112h) / 24h
23.5W
D 4days
Kb 0.665
Be (23.5244) / (0.66512) ? 283Ahmin
V 12V
18
Design Exercise(1)
SPR1786T-02

• Choose the Battery Module
• Deliberating its configuration

SD62X-QPS-B
SD46X-QPS-B
Output Power 50(W) Output Voltage15.9(V) Output
Current3.15(A)
Output Power 100(W) Output Voltage15.9(V) Outpu
t Current6.30(A)
Output Power 100(W) Output Voltage31.8(V) Outpu
t Current3.15(A)
19
Design Exercise(1)

• Choose the Charge Controller
• The reason why you choose it

20
Design Exercise(1)

• Choose the Battery
• Deliberating its configuration

12
Rated Voltage 12V 20hours Current 4Ah
Rated Voltage 12V 20hours Current 2 Ah
Rated Voltage 24V 20hours Current 2Ah
21
Design Exercise(1)

• Choose the DC-AC Inverter
• Deliberating its configuration

22
Design Exercise(1)

• Connection between appliance (component) is
  completed
• Write the type number of appliance (component).