Chapter 27 Allowances

1
Chapter 27 Allowances
Allowances can be given as a percent of work time
or as a percent of shift time and hence they have
two names Work Allowance Shift Allowance
2
Allowance Application

• Allowance is basically some additional time for
  personal needs (drink water, go to the restroom,
  fatigue and delays)
• Standard time Normal Time Allowances
• Shift allowance Allowance time / Standard time
• Work allowance Allowance time / Normal time
• This clearly shows that work allowance is a
  little bigger value than shift allowance.

3
Allowances

• Normal Time Allowances Standard Time
• Allowances are the interruptions that occur
  during the typical working day
• personal - for personal needs
• fatigue - for rest
• delay - reasons beyond his/her control
• Should be applied separately from the rating

4
Allowance vs. Pace

• Included in High Task
• are more challenging
• types of work

• 100 may be feasible
• with easy (low-task)
• type work

Performance,
5
Pace Multiplier

• If the job is considered to be low-task, then
  normal work time can be used as is (at 100)
• If the job is considered to be high-task, or
  difficult for the general population, then normal
  work time is first multiplied by a pace value
  (110, 120, etc.)

6
Personal Allowance

• Include going to restroom, blowing your nose,
  making personal phone calls, etc.
• Can be determined by making all-day time studies
  or work sampling
• Many organizations have standard break periods
• Some firms also give out special allowance for
  clean ups after operations, travel allowance etc.

7
Personal Allowances (cont.)

• There is no scientific basis for finding out
  personal allowances. It generally depends on
  working conditions.
• For low-task work, usually 2 to 5 per day is
  used
• For high-task work, more than 5 is used, esp. in
  unfavorable (hot, humid) settings

8
Fatigue Allowance

• Can be mental or physical fatigue
• Much more prevalent in hot, humid settings
• Is less a factor with automation, and with
  shorter working days
• Can be done by giving organized rest periods

9
Fatigue Allowance

• (Tables on pg. 531-535)
• Physical
• This has four categories.
• Material handling (considers local or whole body
  load)
• Short cycle (lack of recovery time)
• Posture of static load(standing, squatting,
  crouching)
• Restrictive clothing (heavy weight of gloves,
  breathing
• apparatus etc)

10
Example of Physical Fatigue
From a British consulting firm As reported by the
International Labor Organization
See Table 27.4 for conversion of points to
percent allowances
11
Fatigue Allowance

• Mental Allowance
• a) Concentration/anxiety
• b) Monotony
• Environmental Allowance
• a) Climate
• b) Dust, dirt, fumes
• c) Noise / Vibration
• d) Visual (eg., 0 points for normal work,
  ranging to 14 points for engraving using an
  eyeglass)

12
Delay Allowance

• Can be avoidable or unavoidable
• Does assume that machinery is kept in repair
• Due to tool breakage, interruptions by
  supervisors, minor adjustments, etc.
• Non-cyclic elements that occur as part of the job
  are not to be treated as delays
• Can be determined by TS or work sampling

13
Applying the Allowances

• Personal time is applied as a percentage of
  normal time it affects both operator and machine
  time
• Fatigue can be applied as a percentage it
  affects only operator time
• Delays are applied as a percentage it may be
  applied as machine-time delay only

14
Example

• Assume that a consistent performance time of 0.80
  minutes was measured
• A rating factor of 110 was assigned
• normal time 0.80 min. 110/100 0.88 min
• Assume an allowance of 5
• standard time 0.88 min. 100/95 0.926 min

15
Clarification

• Note that the calculation could also be done
• Selected time 80 min.
• Rating factor 110
• Allowance 5
• Normal time 80110/1000.88 min.
• Std. Time0.88(.880.05)0.924 min. OR
• Std. Time0.88 1.050.924 min.
• This method is INCORRECT!

16
Clarification (cont.)

• By stating a 5 allowance, it is understood that
  24 minutes per 8-hour day are to be spent on
  non-work activities.
• Then during a shift (480 - 24) 456 min. are
  available for work.
• If the normal time is 0.88 minutes, this means
  (456/0.88)518 pieces/shift
• Therefore (480/518) 0.926 min./piece

17
Creating Allowance Tables

• Setting allowance standards tends to be a
  somewhat political job
• Reference tables can be created and then applied
  fairly to affected jobs
• See curve fitting and reference tables in
  Chapters 27 and 30