Collection and Analysis of

1
Collection and Analysis of Successful Practices
Mushtaq Ahmed Memon
Kitakyushu Office, International Conference
Center, 6th Floor, 3-9-30, Asano, Kokurakita-ku,
Kitakyushu City, JAPAN 802-0001 Tel
81-82-513-3711 Fax [phone] Email
mushtaq_at_iges.or.jp URL www.iges.or.jp/ue/index.ht
ml, www.iges.or.jp/kitakyushu
2nd Kitakyushu Network Meeting Weihai (China),
15-17 October 2003
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Outline of the Presentation

1. Purpose of collection and analysis of successful
   practices
2. Focal areas under KIN and collected successful
   practices
3. Analysis of successful practices
4. Conclusions recommendations and considerations

3
Section - I

• Purpose

4
Trends of Urbanization

• Degree of Urbanization in the Asian and Pacific
  Region, 1999

Less than 25 8 Afghanistan (22), Bangladesh
(21), Bhutan (7), Nepal (11),Sri Lanka (23),
Cambodia (23), Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic (23), Viet Nam (20), 25-50 11
Peoples Republic of China (34), India (28),
Kyrgyzstan (40), Maldives (28), Thailand (34),
Pakistan(33), Tajikistan (33), Turkmenistan
(45), Uzbekistan (42), Indonesia (39),
Myanmar (27) 50-75 9 Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea (63), Mongolia (63), Islamic
Republic of Iran (64), Kazakhstan(55),
Malaysia (57), Philippines (58), Armenia
(70), Azerbaijan (57), Turkey (74), 75 and
above 8 Hong Kong, China (96), Japan (79),
Republic of Korea (85), Brunei Darussalam
(72), Singapore (100), Australia (85), New
Zealand (87), Russian Federation (77)
Source ESCAP 1999
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Trends of Urbanization 2

• Rate of Urbanization in Asia
• and the Pacific, 1995-2030

Components of Urban Growth in Asia and the
Pacific, 1990-2005
Out of 33 worlds largest cities, 27 will be in
this region by year 2015
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Solid Waste

• Municipal and industrial solid waste generation

7
Solid Waste 2

• Disposal methods

8
Water and Sanitation

• Urban water and sanitation coverage

Source World Bank 1997
9
Water and Sanitation 2

• Water availability and water pollution

10
Air Quality

• Ambient levels for TSP and SO2

11
Air Quality 2

• Ambient levels for NO2 and Regional Share of CO2

12
Environmental Impact

• Solid waste, including hazardous waste, is
  responsible for major health impacts. The water
  resources are being polluted and methane
  emissions contribute towards global warming. In
  various cities scattered waste creates havoc and
  accidents.
• Water related diseases have a major impact on the
  quality and quantity of labor and on the health
  related costs. The pollution of water sources and
  saline due to intense water drawl rates are
  jeopardizing agricultural and industrial
  requirements, in addition to marine and aquatic
  losses, and leading towards huge economic losses.
• There are enormous health and socioeconomic
  losses due to air pollution. For example, World
  Bank (1996) estimated that in Bangkok, Jakarta,
  and KL, the annual costs from dust and lead
  pollution were US5 billion or about 10 of
  combined city income. Furthermore, only in
  Jakarta, 1,400 premature deaths, 49,000 emergency
  room visits, and 600,000 asthma attacks could be
  avoided annually, if particulate levels were to
  be brought down to WHO standards.

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Urban Environmental Management
Means Issues Urban Planning Institutional Capacity Regulatory Capacity Technical Capacity Financial Capacity Social Capacity
Solid Waste Management
Water Supply Wastewater Management
Urban Air Quality Management
Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System Monitoring Evaluation (ME) System
Policy Interventions
Geographical Coverage
Environmental Issues over Time
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Capacity for Urban Air Quality Management

1. Assessment of the problem (current or
   future)Pollution levels, sources, and the
   impact(Monitoring cause and effect
   analysis)
2. Planning and implementation of the
   response Identification of the responses
   (options)Prioritization of the options
   (short-term long-term) Implementation
   of the options

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Social Capacity for Problem Assessment

1. Monitoring and prediction of of pollution/ambient
   levels (current or future)In-house
   capacityLinkages with private sector
   (Industries, etc.) and civil society (NGOs,
   Academia)
2. Cause and effect analysisPollution sources
   (Household, Transport, Industries, etc.)Health
   productivity impact (morbidity and
   mortality)Socioeconomic impact (water sources,
   land values, visibility, maintenance costs, time
   savings, leisure, etc.)

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Local Capacity for the Response

1. Urban Planning
2. Institutions (formal and informal)
3. Regulatory standards and jurisdiction (CAC and
   MBIs)
4. Public Participation (policy making
   implementation)
5. Financial mechanisms (decentralization, municipal
   bonds, revolving funds, public-private
   partnerships)
6. Appropriate technology

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Critical Path Analysis
Challenges
Necessary condition(s)
Essential condition(s)

1. Zoning and land-use
2. Titling
3. Future growth

Urban Planning
Environmental Problem(water pollution/ scarcity,
air pollution, solid waste, industrial pollution,
etc) Sources(households, private sector,
transport, energy, etc.) Impact(quantitative
and qualitative)

1. Logical and suitable
2. Human resources
3. Jurisdiction Implementation

Regulations Institutions

1. Public awareness
2. Information systems
3. Formal Informal framework

Public participation

1. Government donor funding
2. Economic instruments (MBIs)
3. Public-private partnerships

Financial Mechanisms

1. Monitoring
2. Production
3. Repair and maintenance

Appropriate Technology
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Local Capacity Building Process - 1

• Network of stakeholders
• Consultations and suggestions
• Involving private sector and civil society

• Decentralization
• Local Institutions
• Local action plans

• Public awareness campaigns
• Motivating stakeholders to improve their
  cooperation and capacity for UEM

• Training
• Capacity of stakeholders

Mechanisms to involve stakeholders

• Stakeholder participation
• Assessment monitoring, identification of
  polluters, and analysis of the impact
• Response urban planning, regulations, financial
  mechanisms, and technology

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Local Capacity Building Process - 2

• Network of Researcher
• International researchers/institutes
• Local researchers/institutes

• Stakeholders for Policy Making
• Government officials, NGOs, Private sector,
  Community
• Bilateral and multilateral agencies

• Collection/Analysis of Successful Practices
• Learning from Experiences
• Transferability (with or without modifications to
  suit local conditions)

Modifications (Local Situation) Existing
technology, regulations, financial mechanism, and
stakeholder participation
Output (Better Policies/Techniques) Improvements
in1. Technology2. Regulations3.
Institutions4. Financial mechanisms5.
Stakeholder participation
Research Agenda Existing challenges1. General
(for all Asian cities)2. Particular (with
specific situation and characteristics) for urban
water management
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Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment
Support Local Initiatives for Tangible
OutputsScan Globally and Reinvent Locally

• Networking(Information sharing among cities and
  other stakeholders)
• Lessons Learnt (Successful Practices)
• Pilot activities(Local Initiatives)

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Section - II

• Database

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Overall Urban Environmental Management
City/Country Focal Point
Jeju Restoration of severely polluted and damaged streams
Daegu Tearing-Down-Walls Campaign
Dalian (China) Removal and modification of polluting industries
Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Promotion of cleaner production
Jiangyin (China) Structural adjustment in urban environmental management
Ningbo (China) Integrated urban environmental policies
Surabaya (Indonesia) Comprehensive Kampung Improvement (Model for community participation)
Taiyuan (China) Cleaner production
Yantai (China) National Model City for Environmental Protection
Zhang Jiagang (China) Integrating environment and economy (Three First System)
Zhenjiang (China) Environmental information disclosure system
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Municipal Solid Waste Management
City/Country Focal Point
Nonthaburi (Thailand) Community Awareness in Recycling and Solid Waste Management
Dhaka (Bangladesh) Innovation in community-driven composting
Surabaya (Indonesia) Integrated sustainable approach to waste management
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Water Supply and Wastewater Management
City/Country Focal Point
Cartagena (Colombia) Public-Private Partnerships in Water and Sanitation
Cordoba (Argentina) Public-Private Partnerships in Urban Water (Concession Contracts)
Johor Bahru (Malaysia) Public-Private Partnerships in Bulk Water Supply
Manila (Philippines) Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment
Macao (China) Public-Private Partnerships in Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment
Weihai (China) Wastewater management
Rongcheng (China) Water management models
Shenzhen (China) Construction and operation of environmental infrastructure
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Air Quality Management
City/Country Focal Point
Bangkok (Thailand) Integrated urban air quality management
Kathmandu (Nepal) Role of Government, private sector and civic society in promoting battery operated electric three-wheelers in Kathmandu, Nepal
Kitakyushu (Japan) Coexistance of industry and community
Singapore De-coupling of urban mobility need from environmental degradation in Singapore
Singapore Successful experiences in containing environmental problems from transportation
Chongqing (China) SO2 pollution control
Guiyang (China) Strategies for air pollution control
Lanzhou (China) Special program on air pollution
United Kingdom Local air quality management
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Section - III

• Analysis

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Dhaka 1

• Features
• Population and growth rate 6.61 million (5.52)
• Water and sanitation 80 and 44
• Solid waste management
• Generation 4750 t/d
• Collection 50.3
• Landfill 1540 t/d (Matualil) 380 t/d (Mirpur)
• Illegal dumping 2400 t/d
• Recycling 140 t/d (at source) 290 t/d
  (scavengers)
• Composting 2 t/d by Waste Concerns (NGO)

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Dhaka 2

• Innovative Composting
• Objective
• To overcome conventional constraint of compost
  material, being used at small scale due to its
  quality and marketing beyond the generation
  limits
• Methodology
• Agreement with Map Agro Ltd. BangladeshTo enrich
  the compost in accordance with the soil and crop
  demands and also to market throughout the country
• Agreement with a local NGO (PROSHIKA) for organic
  farmingThis NGO buys the compost for organic
  farming and sells the products at three outlets
  in the city

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Dhaka 3

• Lessons
• Urban Planning Primary to final disposal sites
  and process
• Regulatory Regulations on solid waste management
  including hazardous and industrial waste
• Institutional Proper human and physical
  resources
• Financial Charge system (MBI) to promote proper
  waste disposal as well as to cover the costs.
  However, due to larger poor community, a good
  subsidy system (from other sources) could also be
  added to cover the costs
• Public participation Public participation in
  primary collection, including segregation for
  recycling and compost materials, is very
  important. Moreover, the awareness to share the
  costs for final disposal is also very important
  to implement the regulations.

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Metro Manila 1

• Targets for PPP based concession agreement
• Non-revenue water to decrease from 56 to 32 in
  10 years.
• The one third of service area for the poorest.
• Wastewater program to attain over 80 coverage
  within 25-year.
• 24 hour service (WHO standards) within 10 years
• No increase in real tariff.
• Non-revenue water to decrease from 56 to 32
  within 10 years
• 7.5b to be invested to with in 25 years
• Upstream treatment plants to be managed/financed
  by concessionaires

Water Supply 67 92 97 98 98 98 Gravity
(sanitation) 7 7 10 17 23 33 Sewerage
(sanitation) 26 23 21 24 22 Total
(sanitation) 7 33 33 38 47 55
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Metro Manila 2

• Outcomes
• The privatization process was highly successful
  and speedy
• There is no pressure on the public sector funds
• Unaccounted-for-water was reduced considerably
• The crises due to El Nino effect (drought) was
  managed well

• Lessons
• Urban Planning Interconnection agreement for two
  concessionaires was not resolved
• Regulatory Regulatory body was not in place
• Institutional Bulk water rights and trading in
  MWSS
• Financial The community sees a sharp increase in
  tariff however, devaluation and high debt for
  MWSS is a factor.
• Public participation Public hearing prior to
  raise the tariffs.

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Bangkok 1

• Air Quality Management Transport Sector
• Year Lead content( gm / liter )
• Before 1984 0.84
• 1984 0.45
• 1989 0.40
• 1991 premium ULG available
• 1992 0.15
• 1994 phase out regular leaded gasoline
• 1996 phase out premium leaded gasoline
• Year Sulfur content ( by weight)
• Before 1993 lt 1.0
• 1993 lt 0.5
• 1996 lt 0.25
• 1999 lt 0.05

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Bangkok 2

• Major actions
• Vapor recovery system by July recovery system by
  July 2001
• After 1996, annual vehicle inspection for
  passenger vehicles (above 7 years old) and motor
  cycles (above 5 years old)
• Electricity operated sky train for mass transit
  since 1999
• Sub-way will be operated from 2003 (2004)
• All new gasoline cars to install Catalytic
  converters
• Most of the taxis and trucks converted to LPG
• All in-use buses and trucks are subjected to
  inspections during annual registration renewals
• Penalty on polluter vehicles during surprise
  inspections
• Public awareness campaigns
• Training of mechanics of repair and maintenance
  garages
• Monitoring stations for continuous monitoring

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Bangkok 3

• Lessons
• Urban Planning Zoning and land-use, especially
  for mass transit system (sub-way, sky trains, and
  bus lanes)
• Regulatory Appropriate standards for fuel and
  vehicles
• Institutional Clear role of PCD and BMA
• Financial Economic incentives for cleaner
  technologies and fuels, and penalty on the
  polluters
• Technology proper monitoring stations and proper
  vehicle repair garages
• Public participation Public campaigns to promote
  the proper implementation of the regulations and
  use of mass transit system

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LAQM in UK 1

• The local air quality management (LAQM) framework
  in the UK was initiated by the Environment Act
  1995, Part IV
• Part of national air quality management (NAQS)
  policies with respect to the assessment and
  management of local air quality
• Air quality regulations 1997 based on the ambient
  air quality assessment and management directive
  96/62/EC (Daughter Directives of EU)
• First Daughter Directives came into force in
  1July 1999, establishing legally binding limits
  for SO2, NO2, particles, and lead to be achieved
  by 2005 and 2010. The proposal on 4th Daughter
  Directives (heavy metals and PAHs) were adapted
  in July 2003

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LAQM in UK 2
Pollutant Air Quality Objective Air Quality Objective Date to be achieved by
Pollutant Concentration1 Measured as Date to be achieved by
Benzene (All authorities) 16.25 ?g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2003
Authorities in England and Wales 5 ?g/m3 annual mean 31.12.2010
Authorities in Scotland and NI 3.25 ?g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2010
1,3 Butadiene 2.25 ?g/m3 running annual mean 31.12.2003
Carbon monoxide 10.0 mg/m3 running 8-hour mean 31.12.2003
Lead 0.5 ?g/m3 0.25 ?g/m3 annual mean annual mean 31.12.2004 31.12.2008
Nitrogen dioxide1 200 ?g/m3 lt18 times/year 40 ?g/m3 1 hour mean annual mean 31.12.2005 31.12.2005
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2 All authorities 50 ?g/m3 lt 35 times/year 40 ?g/m3 24 hour mean annual mean 31.12.2004 31.12.2004
Sulphur dioxide 350 ?g/m3 lt24 times/ year 125 ?g/m3 lt 3 times/year 266 ?g/m3 lt 35 times/year 1 hour mean 24 hour mean 15 minute mean 31.12.2004 31.12.2004 31.12.2005
Particles (PM10) (gravimetric)2 Authorities in Scotland only3 50 ?g/m3 lt 7 times/year 18 ?g/m3 24 hour mean annual mean 31.12.2010 31.12.2010
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LAQM in UK 3
38
LAQM in UK 4
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Overall Policy Related Lessons

1. Political will and public will are the most
   crucial elements, as hard decisions, having
   temporary hardships, should be taken and
   implemented
2. Communities can put pressure leading towards
   environmental management decision-making
3. Zoning and infrastructure development are the
   fundamentals for improving current and future
   environmental quality
4. Success of public-private partnerships require
   strong regulatory setup
5. Regulations and institutions constitute the basis
   for UEM, where a mix of economic and command and
   control measures, with clear jurisdiction are
   required
6. Appropriate technology should be explored in
   accordance to local problems

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Recommendations

1. For overall UEM the capacity of local
   governments should be strengthening through an
   active support for national and international
   agencies as well as through an active local
   stakeholder participation
2. For SWM recycling and composting through
   segregation at source, and integration of various
   informal and formal initiatives/actions are
   vital
3. For UWM involvement of private sector and
   communities at various levels of production and
   management as well as strengthening the
   regulatory role of the government
4. For UAQM phasing out of leaded gasoline,
   strengthening the local capacity, and a mix
   regulatory and economic instruments are vital

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Section - IV

• Conclusions and Considerations

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Conclusions

1. There is no universal recipe, which can work well
   for all the cities, or for all times in the same
   city
2. There are quite a few good examples those can
   be transferred with little modification,
   including phasing out of leaded gasoline,
   segregation of recycling waste at source and
   integration of formal and informal sector,
   voluntary agreements to start effective UEM, and
   stakeholder participation in decision-making and
   various activities including provision of the
   services
3. Try to avoid finding ready-made solutions without
   analyzing the local conditions

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Future Considerations

• The major limitations, so far, for our SP are
• Their scope and transferability into local
  actions/policies
• Involvement of local partners in collection and
  analysis of successful practices
• Considerations
• Promotion of city-to-city level cooperation for
  learning from their experiences
• Single format to be adapted for SP database with
  one section on the transferability, with the
  assistance from the local stakeholders
• There may be some monitoring process to see how
  successful practices are being transformed into
  local actions/policies