Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with the Unified Process

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Interfaces

• Inputs and outputs are defined early
• System Interfaces
• User Interfaces

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Understanding the User Interface

• To the end user, the user interface is the system
  itself
• Physical devices, parts, or documents
• Perceptual aspects including seeing, hearing, and
  touching
• Conceptual details about how to use the system
• Called the users model

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Figure 11-1 Physical, perceptual, and
conceptual aspects of the user interface
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Human Computer Interaction

• Human-Factors Engineering
• User centered design
• Focus early on users and work
• Evaluate designs to ensure usability
• Iterative development

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Figure 11-2 The fields
contributing to the study of HCI
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Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction

• Direct
• Desktop
• Document
• Dialog

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Figure 11-3 The desktop metaphor based on
direct manipulation, shown on a display screen
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Figure 11-4 The document metaphor shown as
hypermedia in a Web browser
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Figure 11-5 The dialog metaphor expresses the
concept that the user and computer interact by
sending messages
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Figure 11-6 The users language and the
computers language used to implement an e-mail
application based on the natural dialog between
manager and assistant
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Guidelines for Designing User Interfaces

• Interface design guidelines must be followed for
  the interface of any system
• Interface design standards
• Two key principles
• Visibility
• Affordance

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Figure 11-7 The eight golden rules
for designing interactive interfaces
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Dialogs and Storyboards

• Several options for documenting dialogs
• List the key steps for each dialog with
  descriptions of what the user and computer do at
  each step
• Write out a human and computer conversation
• Use storyboarding to show a sequence of sketches
  of a display screen during a dialog

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Figure 11-9 Storyboard for the DownTown Videos
rent videos dialog
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Dialog Documentation with UML Diagrams

• Use case narratives show a list of steps followed
  as a user and computer interact
• SSDs describe sequential actor-computer messages
• Class diagrams add user-interface classes for
  forms
• Detailed sequence diagram show users interacting
  with specific objects in forms

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Figure 11-10 A sequence diagram for the RMO Look
up item availability dialog with the
ProductQueryForm added
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Figure 11-11 A class diagram showing interface
classes making up the ProductQueryForm
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Figure 11-13 The RMO Product Detail form
used to look up information about a product,
select size and color, and then add the product
to an order
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Figure 11-14 Examples of data-entry controls
on an input form
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Data Access Classes
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Data Access Classes

• Data access classes implement the bridge between
  data stored in program objects and in a
  relational database
• Data access class methods encapsulate the logic
  needed to copy values from the problem domain
  objects to the database, and vice versa
• The logic is a combination of program code and
  embedded SQL commands

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Figure 10-22 Interaction among a problem domain
class, a data access class, and the DBMS
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