KS3 Particle theory

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KS3 Particle theory
W. Richards Worthing High School
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The Three States of Matter
Matter can be in one of three states. The
three states of matter are SOLIDS, LIQUIDS and
GASES. What are their properties?
Very difficult to squash, cant be poured
Difficult to squash, can be poured
Easy to squash, can be poured
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Particle theory
Particle theory is all about explaining the
properties of solids, liquids and gases by
looking at what the particles do.
SOLIDS
In a solid the particles ______ around a _____
position. There is a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they are very _____
together
Words to use strong, close, vibrate, fixed
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LIQUIDS
In a liquid the particles are _____ together but
can move in ____ direction. They wont keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.
GASES
In a gas the particles are ____ far apart and
move _____ in all directions. They often ______
with each other and because they are far apart
they can be easily _______.
Words fixed, collide, any, quickly, close,
very, solids
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Changes of State
Changes of state occur when one state of matter
(i.e. solid, liquid or gas) is changed into
another
2) If even more energy is supplied to the liquid
the bonds will be completely broken and the
liquid will turn into a
1) If enough energy is supplied to a solid the
particles will break free from their fixed
positions and the solid will become a
3) A gas can be turned straight back into a
solid, but this is very rare
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Changes of State
What are these processes called? Choose from
freezing, boiling, melting, condensing
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Some definitions
Freezing Melting Evaporating Condensing Diffus
ion
This is when a smell spreads out across a
room A change of state solid to liquid A
change of state liquid to gas A change of
state gas to liquid A change of state liquid
to solid
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Atoms
Atoms are the building blocks of all matter and
are the simplest form of molecule. They are all
made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. They
look something like this
The Nucleus this contains neutrons and protons
Electrons these orbit around the nucleus
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Elements
If a solid, liquid or gas is made up of only one
type of atom we say it is an element. For
example, consider a tripod made up of iron
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Compounds
Compounds are different to elements. They
contain different atoms. Here are some examples
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Making compounds

• Compounds are made when two or more elements (or
  compounds) go through a chemical reaction.
• For example
• When carbon reacts with oxygen it usually forms
  ____ _________
• When oxygen reacts with hydrogen it could form
  ______
• When iron reacts with oxygen it could form ______
  ______

Water, iron oxide or carbon dioxide?
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Some simple compounds
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Water, H2O
Ethyne, C2H2
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Naming compounds
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Naming compounds
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Naming compounds
Rule 3 If two identical elements combine then
the name doesnt change
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Mixtures
A mixture is a collection of different elements
and compounds. For example, consider salt
dissolving in water
Before
After
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Evaporation and filtration

• In this practical we tried to separate rock salt
  a mixture of ____ and sand. To do this we
  followed four steps
• We ground the rock salt using a ______ and
  mortar,
• We dissolved the mixture,
• We _________ it,
• We evaporated the remains.
• The sand didnt _________, so we were able to
  filter it out. The salt did dissolve, so we had
  to ________ the remains to get the salt back.
• In other words, filtration can be used to remove
  something that doesnt dissolve and evaporation
  can be used to separate something that does
  dissolve.

Words to use filtered, salt, pestle, evaporate,
dissolve
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Distillation
This apparatus can be used to separate water and
ethanol because they have different _____ ______.
The ______ will evaporate first, turn back into
a _______ in the condenser and collect in the
_______. The water remains in the round flask,
as long as the _______ does not exceed 100OC
Words to use temperature, boiling points,
ethanol, beaker, liquid
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Separating mixtures summary

• A mixture containing something that DOES dissolve
  can be separated using __________
• A mixture of liquids with different boiling
  points can be separated using _________
• A mixture of different inks can be separated
  using _______
• A mixture containing something that DOES NOT
  dissolve can be separated using _________

Distillation, chromatography, evaporation or
filtration?
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Properties of metals and non-metals
Metals have very high melting points (which means
that they are usually _____) whereas non-metals
will melt at lower ___________ All metals conduct
heat and __________ very well, whereas non-metals
dont (usually) Metals are strong and ______ but
bendable. Non-metals are usually _____ or they
will snap. Metals will _____ when freshly cut or
scratched, whereas non-metals are usually dull
(unlike _______) Metals have higher _______ than
non-metals (i.e. they weigh more) Metals can be
used to make ______ (a mixture of different
metals) Words - alloys, electricity, solids,
weak, densities, temperatures, Mr Richards,
tough, shine
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Some exceptions

• Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, unlike
  other metals
• Sodium is a metal, but its very soft and can be
  cut with a knife

Two exceptions that are made up of carbon
1) Diamond a non-metal, but VERY hard and
melts at a very high temperature, so is useful
for diamond-tipped drills
2) Graphite also a non-metal, but it conducts
electricity
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Quiz

• Name the 3 states of matter
• Which of the 3 states cant be poured?
• Which of the 3 states is water vapour?
• Which of the 3 states will match the shape of any
  container?
• Which of the 3 states is most easily compressed?
• In which of the 3 states is the force of
  attraction between particles the strongest?
• What is the name of the change of state for when
  a liquid turns into a gas?
• What is the name for when a gas turns back into a
  liquid?
• If you decrease the volume in which a gas is
  contained will you increase or decrease the
  pressure?
• What is the name for the process where gas
  particles slowly spread out across a room?

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Quiz

• What is the name for a substance that contains
  only one type of atom?
• What is the name for a substance that contains
  more than one type of atom?
• If you increase the heat on a gas will it
  increase or decrease the pressure?
• Are metals on the left hand side or the right
  hand side of the periodic table?
• What is group 1 also called?
• What is group 0 also called?
• If you go down a group what happens to the
  reactivity?
• Where in the atom would you find the protons and
  neutrons?
• What is the symbol for sodium?
• What is the symbol for potassium?

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Quiz

• What is the symbol for mercury?
• What down Au stand for?
• What does Ne stand for?
• Is air an element, compound or mixture?
• Is water an element, compound or mixture?
• What would the name of a compound containing
  magnesium and oxygen probably be?
• What would the name of a compound containing
  copper, sulphur and oxygen probably be?
• How would you separate a mixture containing
  something that does dissolve? (e.g. coffee and
  water)
• How would you separate a mixture containing
  something that does not dissolve? (e.g. mud and
  water)
• How would you separate a mixture of liquids with
  different boiling points?