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Viruses Bacteria and the Immune System

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Interferon and Prion ... A prion is an infectious particle made up of protein rather than RNA and DNA. An example of a prion is mad cow disease. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Viruses Bacteria and the Immune System


1
Viruses Bacteria and the Immune System
  • Shir Kochinski
  • Leila Chitayat
  • Jock Fullmer
  • Elle Masri

2
What is a Virus?
  • A virus is a particle of nucleic acid, protein,
    and in some cases lipids.
  • Viruses can only reproduce by infecting living
    cells.
  • A typical virus is composed of a core of DNA or
    RNA surrounded by a protein coat

3
Retrovirus
  • A retrovirus infect cells with RNA. The RNA is
    then copied into DNA by reverse transcriptase
    which is inserted as a prophage.

4
Lytic
  • A lytic infection is the process in which a virus
    enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes
    the cell to burst.
  • An example of this is Ebola.

5
Lysogenic
  • A lysogenic infection is the process by which a
    virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host
    cell and is replicated along the host cells DNA.
  • An example of this is HIV

6
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7
Gram Staining
  • Gram staining is used to tell cell walls that are
    found in the eubacteria apart.
  • Gram positive bacteria has thick peptidoglycan
    walls that retain dark color of violet or purple.
  • Positive purple
  • Gram negative bacteria has much thinner walls
    inside a lipid layer.
  • Negative pink

8
Bacterial Shapes
  • Bacilli- rod shaped
  • Cocci- spherical shaped
  • Spirilla- spiral shaped

9
White Blood Cells Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
  • Lymphocyte produces antibodies that help destroy
    pathogens. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes
    (T-cells and B-cells).
  • Phagocytes an example of this is a macrophage.
    They contain the enzyme lysozyme, which destroys
    disease.

10
Inflammation
  • The first line of defense is your skin which
    secretes mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, etc.
  • The second line of defense is your inflammatory
    response
  • 1. histamine is released which causes blood
    vessels to dilate causing more blood flow to that
    area
  • 2. the dilation of capillaries causes
    phagocytes to be released
  • 3. phagocytes engulf (surround) the bacteria
  • 4. platelets move out of the capillary to seal
    the wounded area

11
Antibodies vs. Antigens
  • Antibody is a protein that helps destroy
    pathogens.
  • An antigen are the protein markers on the cell
    membrane which triggers an immune response.

12
Interferon and Prion
  • An interferon is one of a group of proteins that
    helps cells resist viral infections.
  • A prion is an infectious particle made up of
    protein rather than RNA and DNA. An example of a
    prion is mad cow disease.
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