Session 2 IUU fishing, Capacity and Management

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Session 2 IUU fishing,Capacity and Management

• Prepared by
• Gilles Hosch
• Adviser to the ACP Secretariat

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Structure of the Presentation

• IUU fishing (not presented in meeting)
• Fishing overcapacity
• Sound fisheries management

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I. IUU FISHING

• Recognized as one of the main challenges
  frustrating sustainable fisheries management
• Motivator profit maximization
• Driven by world fishery crisis
• Facilitated by weak governance, corruption and
  deficient MCS frameworks
• Damage 10 23 billion USD annually (30 of
  world catch)

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IUU fishing definition

• 3.1 Illegal fishing refers to activities
• 3.1.1 conducted by national or foreign vessels in
  waters under the jurisdiction of a State, without
  the permission of that State, or in contravention
  of its laws and regulations
• 3.1.2 conducted by vessels flying the flag of
  States that are parties to a relevant regional
  fisheries management organization but operate in
  contravention of the conservation and management
  measures adopted by that organization and by
  which the States are bound, or relevant
  provisions of the applicable international law
  or
• 3.1.3 in violation of national laws or
  international obligations, including those
  undertaken by cooperating States to a relevant
  regional fisheries management organization.
• 3.2 Unreported fishing refers to fishing
  activities
• 3.2.1 which have not been reported, or have been
  misreported, to the relevant national authority,
  in contravention of national laws and
  regulations or
• 3.2.2 undertaken in the area of competence of a
  relevant regional fisheries management
  organization which have not been reported or have
  been misreported, in contravention of the
  reporting procedures of that organization.
• 3.3 Unregulated fishing refers to fishing
  activities
• 3.3.1 in the area of application of a relevant
  regional fisheries management organization that
  are conducted by vessels without nationality, or
  by those flying the flag of a State not party to
  that organization, or by a fishing entity, in a
  manner that is not consistent with or contravenes
  the conservation and management measures of that
  organization or
• 3.3.2 in areas or for fish stocks in relation to
  which there are no applicable conservation or
  management measures and where such fishing
  activities are conducted in a manner inconsistent
  with State responsibilities for the conservation
  of living marine resources under international
  law.

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From the definition

• IUU fishing is not limited to pirate fishing
• It encompasses a wide array of situations and
  activities
• Most importantly, fishing can become IUU fishing
  because of flag States defaulting on their
  regional or international duties
• Implications for recent EU-IUU regulation

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Combating IUU fishing

• Political and technical process
• Political will to combat IUU fishing
• Hurdles fisheries diplomacy, governance
• Technical IPOA-IUU (2001)
• Hurdles political support, national capacity
  (human and financial)

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Impact of weak governance
Governance and IUU
IUU and MCS
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IPOA-IUU

• Based on international legal frameworks
• 4 levels at which to combat IUU fishing coastal,
  flag, port, and market State
• Development of NPOA-IUUs
• Analysis of IUU incidence, gap analysis of
  national MCS framework, and action plan
• Analysis covers policy legal framework,
  bi-lateral regional cooperation, management,
  institutions, MCS, information systems, etc.

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The costs of MCS

• Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
• Not all MCS tools are very expensive
• Cheap MCS tools include licensing and license
  conditions deterrent penalties port
  inspections information exchange and data
  analysis
• Some of these tools are extremely effective, but
  often not used

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Allocating budgets
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Solution(s)

• Endow fisheries administrations with a legitimate
  mandate to combat IUU fishing
• Develop and implement national plans of action to
  combat, deter and eliminate IUU fishing
  (NPOA-IUU)
• Allocate a sufficient proportion of available
  fisheries budgets to MCS

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II. FISHING OVERCAPACITY

• () a number of Members stated that
  overcapacity was as important an issue as
  illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU)
  fishing.
• FAO Committee on Fisheries, 27th Session

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II. FISHING OVERCAPACITY

• Fishing overcapacity is likely to occur in all
  fisheries where access is not properly regulated
  and/or strictly limited this phenomenon has
  generally been referred to as the tragedy of the
  commons, and prevails in many industrial and most
  artisanal fisheries world wide.
• 2009 FAO Review on the progress of the
  implementation of the Code

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Components of capacity

• Fishers (no.)
• Fishing vessels (no., size, tonnage, hp)
• Fishing gear (no., type and efficiency)
• Number and length of trips
• Fishing mortality
• Catchability coefficient

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Yield and economic performance
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Current state of affairs

• World Bank The Sunken Billions Report
• World fleet at 200 of optimum capacity
• Net rent from world fisheries -50 billion USD
• Fisheries net drain on human societies and
  economies (consume wealth)

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World catches
?
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Effects of overcapacity

• Overfishing biomass diminishes resource
  impoverishment stock collapses
• Diminishing catches reduced CPUE
• Overcapitalization too many vessels chasing too
  little fish rent evaporation
• Poverty creation, instead of wealth creation

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Solutions

• Addressing fishing capacity as a policy priority
  (ranks 9/10 in Code monitoring)
• Developing an NPOA-Capacity, and implementing it
• Integrating capacity considerations as a
  fundamental component of fisheries governance,
  and of all fisheries
• Looking at self-regulating rights-based models

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III. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

• Objective sustainable exploitation of fisheries
  resources for social and economic gains
• Needs budgets and (trained) personnel
• Reality Gvt. faces resource constraints and real
  demand for access and exploitation rights often
  in combination with food security issues and
  rising poverty

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What management models?

• Many developing countries have adopted western
  fisheries management models
• Research and technology based (both require large
  budgets and qualified HR)
• Systems based on TACs and quotas are ubiquitous
  in ACP countries but who has the capacity to
  administer them?
• The EU (for one) has not

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for what fisheries?

• Small-scale and industrial-scale fisheries
  generally require different approaches and means
• Small-scale fisheries are essential, especially
  from a developmental perspective
• Where are the traditional management models
  where the community rules?
• Rights, entitlements and duties

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A few pointers

• Input versus output based management
• Rights based management
• Participatory governance of s.s. fisheries
• Constant sampling of simple indicators
• Medium term trend analysis and adaptive
  adjustments
• Simple but robust management plans for individual
  fisheries

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Thank you for your attention
Resolution Articles 19, 20 21