Terminology and Fisheries Management

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Terminology and Fisheries Management

• Reading Chapter 1
• Review basic definitions
• Introduce aspects of management issues
• objectives
• strategies
• regulations(

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Fisheries biology

• Applied ecology
• Effects of harvesting on natural communities

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Fisheries biology

• Applied ecology
• Effects of harvesting on natural communities
• Emphasis on Population Dynamics
• Sustaining a maximum yield

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Fisheries biology

• Applied ecology
• Effects of harvesting on natural communities
• Emphasis on Population Dynamics
• Sustaining a maximum yield
• Fisheries Biology
• Flexibility, generalists, large-scale dynamics

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Fisheries biology

• Applied ecology
• Effects of harvesting on natural communities
• Emphasis on Population Dynamics
• Sustaining a maximum yield
• Fisheries Biology
• Large combination of disciplines aimed at
  understanding biology of aquatic organisms
• Fisheries management
• Fish biology vs human biology
• Social,economic and political factors
• fishers and fisheries systems

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Fisheries biology

• Why is this important/relevant?

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Fisheries biology

• Why is this important/relevant?
• Increasing importance to everyday life.
• Increased media coverage

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• human and biological components of a fish harvest
  system

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• a group of animals managed as a single unit

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• use of math and stats to determine status of
  stocks, trends in biomass or other factors
  affecting it, and potential trend under
  alternative strategies

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• Fishery science

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• Fishery science
• math stats approach to the study of fisheries

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• Fishery science
• Fishery management

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• Fishery science
• Fishery management
• regulation of fish stocks to achieve some
  pre-determined objective

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Commonly used Terms

• Fishery
• Stock
• Stock assessment
• Fishery science
• Fishery management
• Management science
• Problem-solving and decision theory

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Fisheries Management Science
From Stephenson Lane 1995. CJFAS 51
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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• subsistence or small-scale fishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Life style and low catches
• Sociological and economic values may be important

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Non-subsistence fishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Industrial fishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Industrial fishing
• highly capitalized, technologically-advanced

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Industrial fishing
• Inshore fishing
• working coastally in shallow waters

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Industrial fishing
• Inshore fishing
• Offshore fishing
• working up to 200 miles from the coast but still
  regionally based

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Commonly used Terms

• Artisanal fishery
• Recreational fishing
• Commercial fishing
• Industrial fishing
• Inshore fishing
• Offshore fishing
• Distant water fishing
• working 100s to 1000s miles from home port

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• untargetted fish or wildlife (?) caught

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• sum of weights of individuals in a fish stock

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop
• biomass present at any given time

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop
• Spawning stock biomass (SSB)

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop
• Spawning stock biomass (SSB)
• the total biomass of all sexually mature
  individuals in a population

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop
• Spawning stock biomass (SSB)
• Spawning stock biomass per recruit

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Commonly used Terms

• Bycatch
• Biomass
• Standing crop
• Spawning stock biomass (SSB)
• Spawning stock biomass per recruit
• the expected lifetime contribution to the
  spawning stock biomass for a recruit of a
  specified age

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Commonly used Terms

• Recruitment

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Commonly used Terms

• Recruitment
• addition of new members to a group

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Commonly used Terms

• Knife-edge recruitment
• addition of new members over a very short period
  of time or ages

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Recruited
0
Age or size
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Commonly used Terms

• Recruitment ogive
• addition of new members to a group over an
  extended period of time or age groups.

100
Recruited
0
Age or size
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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• ratio of absolute increase in size to the initial
  size in a unit of time

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity
• bias in sampling or capture for a particular size
  range of organisms

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity
• Growth overfishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity
• Growth overfishing
• level of fishing in which recruits are harvested
  before they grow to large sizes

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity
• Growth overfishing
• Recruitment overfishing

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Commonly used Terms

• Relative growth
• Selectivity
• Growth overfishing
• Recruitment overfishing
• level of fishing in which adult stock is reduced
  to the extent that recruits produced are
  insufficient to maintain population

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Commonly used Terms

• Virtual population

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Commonly used Terms

• Virtual population
• number of fish in a population that are caught
  serves as a minimum estimate of population size

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Commonly used Terms

• Virtual population
• number of fish in a population that are caught
  serves as a minimum estimate of population size
• Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

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Commonly used Terms

• Virtual population
• number of fish in a population that are caught
  serves as a minimum estimate of population size
• Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
• maximum average yield obtainable from a single
  population on a continual basis without affecting
  the biology of the stock

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Commonly used Terms

• Pelagic fish

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Commonly used Terms

• Pelagic fish
• fish that swim near the waters surface

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Commonly used Terms

• Pelagic fish
• Demersal fish

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Commonly used Terms

• Pelagic fish
• Demersal fish
• fish that inhabit regions near the bottom

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Fisheries Managementobjectives and strategies

• purpose
• objectives and strategies
• goals

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Fisheries Managementdo we need it?

• I believe then that the cod fishery, the herring
  fishery, pilchard fishery,the mackerel fishery,
  and probably all the great sea fisheries are
  inexhaustible that is to say that nothing we do
  seriously affects the numbers of fish. And any
  attempt to regulate these fisheries seems
  consequently from the nature of the case to be
  useless
• TH Huxley, speech, London 1883

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Fisheries Managementpurpose

• to ensure sustainable production over time from
  fish stocks
• preferably through regulatory and enhancement
  actions that promote economic and social
  well-being of the fishes and industries that use
  the production
• managers must design, justify (politically), and
  administer (enforce) a collection of restraints
  on fishing activity

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Fisheries Managementstock assessment vs
management

• Not synonymous terms
• Biologists assess stocks and provide advice and
  alternatives, but choice remains
• managers trade-off between average yield and
  variability of yield
• Stock assessment should provide estimates on the
  trade-off, but the choice should be made on
  social and economic grounds

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1.11
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Fisheries Managementobjectives

• objectives depend on the type of fishery under
  consideration and the political agenda of the
  government
• and can be biological, social, economic, and
  political
• e.g. in an export fishery, maximizing profit
  thus a small number of efficient fishing units
• or,in an artisanal fishery, ensuring broad
  participation perhaps smaller and less efficient
  units

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Fisheries Managementobjectives

• Types of user groups and the distribution and
  mobility of the fish stock are among the
  difficulties involved in managing fisheries
  resources
• Traditional conflicts arise when the same stock
  is exploited by different user groups
• e.g. inshore juvenile recreational fishery vs
  offshore adult commercial
• Allocation among user groups?

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Fisheries Managementfundamental tenets

• repeatable relationship between fishing effort
  and average catch
• Yield increases as fishing effort increases up to
  some point, at which point yield begins to
  decline with further increases in fishing effort
• if fishing effort0 , catch0
• high effort no fish
• Max aver yield between low and high effort

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Fisheries Management2 important questions

• What is the optimum effort?
• What is the maximum sustainable yield?
• Monitor fishing effort as it increases to detect
  MSY.
• Unfortunately, must go beyond MSY to know you
  found it

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Fisheries Managementkey goals

• maximizing sustainable catches
• maximizing economic yield
• fishing to biological reference points
• maintaining minimum stock sizes
• maintaining spawning stocks
• ecologically sustainable development

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Fisheries Management

• Have we succeeded?

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Groundfish landings (1000s tons) in the N.
Atlantic, 1952-1993
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Northern cod
North Sea cod
Peruvian anchoveta
Southern bluefin tuna
Swordfish
Sablefish
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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Stephenson Lane (1994) suggest limitations are
  complex but include

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• environmental, biological, economic

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• to meet specific biological, social,economic
  objectives

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making
• inability to react and anticipate change

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making
• Predominance of biological advice

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making
• Predominance of biological advice
• lacks economic, social considerations

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Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making
• Predominance of biological advice
• Lack of effective involvement by stake holders in
  decision making

84
Limitations of current approach tofisheries
management

• Inability to deal with inherent variability
• Failure to define longerterm management goals
• Lack of year-to-year accountability in decision
  making
• Predominance of biological advice
• Lack of effective involvement by stake holders in
  decision making
• Pressure to improve efficiency to cost-cut