ABYE YELiK SRECiNDE TRK REKABET POLiTiKASI:

1
Workshop on Company Law, Competition and State
Aid organized by TAIEX and TOBB

• ABYE ÜYELiK SÜRECiNDE TÜRK REKABET POLiTiKASI
  
• Hukuki Çerçeve
• Topluluk Mevzuati ile Uyum
• 1 Mayis 2004den beri Topluluk Rekabet
  Politikasinda Yasanan Reform
• TURKISH COMPETITION POLICY WITHIN THE PROCESS OF
  TURKEYS MEMBERSHIP OF THE EU
• Legal Framework
• Harmonization with the Acquis Communataire
• The reform of EC Competition Policy since 1st of
  May, 2004

By Yasar TEKDEMIR Uluslararasi Iliskiler Müdür V.
Acting Director of International
Relations Rekabet Kurumu- Turkish Competition
Authority Ankara, 28.02.2005
2
1.Bölüm Hukuki Çerçeve-4054 Sayili Rekabetin
Korunmasi Hakkinda Kanun Section 1Legal
Framework-Act on Protection of Competition No4054
3
Genel Bakis/1 (General Overview)/1

• 24 Ocak Kararlari
• serbest ticarete dayali pazar ekonomisi.
• Piyasa güçlerine dayali ekonomik modelde
  rekabetin ve piyasa mekanizmasinin önemi.
• Piyasa aksakliklari ve rekabet kurallarina
  duyulan ihtiyaç.
• Piyasa ekonomisinin anayasasi olarak rekabet
  hukuku.

• The 24th of January Decisions The introduction
  of market economy open to free trade.
• The importance of competition and market
  mechanism within the economic model based on
  market forces.
• The market failures and the need for competition
  rules.
• Competition law as the constitution of the market
  economy.

4
Genel Bakis/2 (General Overview)/2

• Türk Rekabet Kanununun Yasal Dayanaklari
• 1. 07.11.1982 tarihli Anayasanin 167.
  maddesinden kaynaklanan anayasal gereklilik.
• 167. Madde Devlet (...) mal ve hizmet
  piyasalarinin saglikli ve düzenli islemelerini
  saglayici ve gelistirici tebirleri almali ve
  piyasalarda fiili veya anlasma sonucu dogacak
  tekellesme ve kartellesmeyi önlemelidir.
• 2. Türkiyenin AByle olan gümrük birliginden
  kaynaklanan gereklilik.
• Gümrük Birligi Karari uyarinca, Türkiyenin,
• AT rekabet kurallarina uygun bir rekabet
  mevzuatini kabul etmek ve
• mali ve idari özerklige sahip, iyi isleyen bir
  Rekabet Otoritesine sahip olmak yükümlülügü
  vardir.

• Legal Fundamentals of Turkish Competition Act
• 1. A constitutional requirement arising from
  Article 167 of Turkish Constitution dated 07.11.
  1982.
• Article 167 The state shall take measures to
  ensure and promote the sound, orderly functioning
  of (...), goods and services markets and shall
  prevent the formation, in practice or by
  agreement, of monopolies and cartels in the
  markets .
• 2. A requirement arising from the Customs Union
  Process of Turkey with the EU.
• According to Customs Union Decision
• Turkey has the obligation to enact a competition
  law in compliance with the Competition rules of
  the EC
• And to establish a well-functioning Competition
  Authority with financial and administrative
  authonomy

5
Rekabet Kanununun Amaci (The Purpose of the
Competition Act)

• Rekabet Kanununun Amaci Bu Kanunun amaci, mal
  ve hizmet piyasalarindaki rekabeti engelleyici,
  bozucu veya kisitlayici anlasma, karar ve
  uygulamalari ve piyasaya hâkim olan tesebbüslerin
  bu hâkimiyetlerini kötüye kullanmalarini önlemek,
  bunun için gerekli düzenleme ve denetlemeleri
  yaparak rekabetin korunmasini saglamaktir
• The Purpose of the Competition Act
• Article 1 states as the purpose of the Act as
  follows
• to provide the protection of competition by
  ensuring necessary regulation, supervision and
  the prevention of abuse of dominant position by
  those enterprises which are dominant in the
  market and the agreements, decisions and
  practices which prevent, restrict or distort
  competition within the markets for goods and
  services.

6
Rekabet Kanununun Maddi Hükümleri(Substantial
Articles of the Competition Act) Üç Önemli
Yasaklama(three substantial prohibitions)

• 4. Madde Rekabeti sinirlayan anlasma, uyumlu
  eylem ve kararlarin yasaklanmasi.
• 6. Madde Hakim durumun kötüye kullanilmasinin
  yasaklanmasi,
• 7. Madde Hakim durum yaratan veya mevcut bir
  hakim durumu güçlendiren birlesme/devralmalarin
  yasaklanmasi

• Article 4 Prohibition of agrements, decisions
  and concerted practices in restraint of
  competition,
• Article 6 Prohibition of abuse of dominant
  position,
• Article 7 Prohibition of mergers/acquisitions
  creating or strengthening a dominant position.

7
Muafiyet Sistemi (Exemption System)

• 5. Madde-Muafiyet
• 5. Madde belirli kosullari karsilayan anlasma ve
  kararlar için bir muafiyet mekanizmasi
  öngörmektedir.
• Muafiyet sistemi bildirime dayali bireysel
  muafiyet ve grup muafiyet yöntemlerine
  dayanmaktadir.
• Article 5-Exemption
• Article 5 envisages an exemption mechanism for
  the agreements and decisions meeting with certain
  conditions.
• The system is based on individual (based on a
  notification system and granted by the decision
  of Board with an exclusive power) and group
  exemptions (by block exemption Communiques).

8
Yaptirim ve Usul Kurallari(Sanctions and
Procedural Rules)

• The Articles of the Competition Law regulating
  the procedural aspects are mainly designed taking
  into consideration the principles of Council
  Regulation 17/62 implementing Articles 81 and 82
  of the Treaty of Rome
• Article 9 termination of infringement.
• Article 12 Notification system.
• Article 13 Revocation of Exemption or Negative
  Clearance Decisions.
• Article 14 Request for information.
• Article 15 On the Spot Investigation.
• Article 16 Fines for procedural failures and
  infringements of substantial up to a maximum of
  10 of the net sale in the previous year.
• Article 17 Periodic Penalty Payment.

• Rekabet Kanununun yaptirim ve usul hükümleri 81
  ve 82nci maddelerin uygulanmasina iliskin 17/62
  Sayili Uygulama Tüzügü dikkate alinarak
  tasarlanmistir.
• Article 9 ihlale son verme
• Article 12 Bildirim sistemi.
• Article 13 Muafiyet ve menfi tespit kararlarinin
  geriye alinmasi.
• Article 14 Bilgi isteme.
• Article 15 Yerinde inceleme.
• Article 16 Usul ihlalleri ve esastan ihlaller
  için tesebbüslerin cirolarinin 10una kadar ceza
  Article 17 Süreli para cezalari

9
Kurulun inceleme ve sorusturmalarinda
usul(Inquiry and Investigation Procedures of the
Board)

• Articles 40-59 regulates the procedure followed
  during the inquiry and investigation.
• This procedure is very detailed in contrary to
  general procedure applied by the Administrative
  Units of the Government.
• In terms of the principles it is based on, it is
  mainly in line with the principles envisaged in
  Regulation 17/62 implementing Articles 81 and 82
  of the Treaty.
• Thus, it has introduced new concepts into the
  Turkish Administrative law such as
• Rights of defence (three times including two
  Written and one Hearing)
• Right to access to file
• The Board cannot base its decision on any issue
  about which the parties are not informed or not
  given the right to defence.

• 40 ila 59uncu maddeler inceleme ve
  sorusturmalardaki usulü düzenlemektedir.
• Bu usul devletin diger idari birimlerince takip
  edilenin aksine oldukça ayrintilidir,
• Bu usul esas olarak 17/62 sayili Uygulama
  Tüzügüne dayanmaktadir.
• Kanundaki usul hükümleri asagidaki yenilikleri
  Türk idare hukuku sistemine sunmaktadir
• Üç yazili ve bir sözlü savunma hakki,
• Dosyaya giris hakki,
• Kurul taraflara hakkinda bilgi vermedigi
  delilleri kararina dayanak yapamaz.

10
2. BölümTopluluk Mevzuati ile Uyum Section
2Harmonization with the Acquis Communataire
11
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin Gümrük Birligi ve Tam
Üyelik için Önemi(The Importance of the Turkish
Competition Policy for the Customs Union and Full
Membership)

• Rekabet politikasi AB rekabet politikasiyla
  benzer role sahiptir Bütünlesmis ekonomik alanda
  (gümrük birligi ya da ekonomik entegrasyon)
  serbest ticareti sinirlayarak rekabeti kisitlayan
  uygulamalari (tesebbüsler veya devlet)
  engellemek.
• Türkiye tam üye oldugunda ulusal ekonominin
  rekabetçi düzeyini artirmak amaciyla rekabet
  kültürünü yaratmak.

• Competition policy has similar role with the EU
  competition policy The prevention of practices
  (by undertakings or state) distorting competition
  by restricting the free trade within the
  integrated economic zone (either customs union or
  economic integration).
• The establishment of competition culture in order
  to endorse the competitiveness of national
  economy when Turkey becomes full member.

12
1/95 Sayili Ortaklik Konseyi Gümrük Birligi
Karari(Customs Union Decision of Association
Council No 1/95)

• 1/95 sayili Gümrük Birligi Karari, Türkiyede
  rekabet kurallarinin kabul edilmesini ve bagimsiz
  bir rekabet otoritesinin kurulmasini
  öngörmektedir.
• Kararin 32-43. maddeleri, rekabet politikasiyla
  ilgilidir.
• 32-34. maddeler Gümrük birliginin rekabet
  kurallari.
• 37. madde Uygulama kurallarinin kabulü
• 39. madde Rekabet mevzuatinin uyumlastirilmasi
  
• 40. madde ABnin Türkiyeyi bilgilendirme görevi
  (hiçbir zaman uygulanmadi)
• 41. madde Inhisari ve özel haklar
• 42. madde Kamu tekelleri.
• 43. Madde Uygulama Isbirligi.

• Customs Union Decision Numbered 1/95 envisages
  the adoption of competition rules and
  establishment of an independent competition
  authority in Turkey.
• Articles from 32 to 43 of the Decision is related
  to competition policy.
• Article 32 to 34 The competition rules of the
  customs union.
• Article 37 The adoption of implementing rules.
• Article 39 Harmonisation of competition
  legislation in Turkey.
• Article 40 Duty to inform Turkey by the EU
  (never applied)
• Article 41 Exclusive and Special rights
• Article 42 Public Monopolies
• Article 43 Enforcement Cooperation

13
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• Rekabet Politikasi (6. Baslik)
• Birinci alt bölüm Anti-tröst kurallari
  (tesebbüslerin rekabete aykiri uygulamalarini
  yasaklayan)
• Ikinci alt bölüm Kamu tekelleri/Özel ve
  inhisari haklar
• Üçüncü alt bölüm Rekabeti bozan ya da bozmakla
  tehdit eden devlet yardimlarinin kontrolü
• Türk Rekabet Kurumu, sadece anti-tröst
  kurallarini uygulamaktan sorumludur. (4054 sayili
  Rekabetin Korunmasi Hakkinda Kanun)

• Competition Policy (Chapter 6)
• Sub Section 1 Antitrust rules (to prohibit
  anticompetitive practices of the undertakings),
• Sub Section 2 Public Monopolies/Special and
  Exclusive rights
• Sub Section 3 Control of State Aid distorting or
  threatening to distort competition
• The Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) is
  responsible only for antitrust rules (Turkish
  Competition Act No4054).

14
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• Anti-tröst Kurallari
• (Birinci Alt Bölüm)/1
• Gerekli yasal ve idari kapasiteyi öngören Rekabet
  Kanunu (4054 sayili Rekabetin Korunmasi Hakkinda
  Kanun), modern bir rekabet kanunu olarak
  adlandirilmayi hak etmektedir.
• Türkiyenin, rekabet hukuku ve politikasi
  alanindaki AT mevzuatiyla (Topluluk müktesebati)
  uyum yükümlülügünün önemli bir parçasini
  olusturmaktadir.
• Kanunun yasaklama (4, 6 ve 7. maddeleri), para
  cezalari ve usule iliskin temel kurallari ile
  ikincil mevzuat (birlesmelerin kontrolü, grup
  muafiyet düzenlemeleri), ATnin rekabet
  kurallariyla (81 ve 82. maddeler ve ikincil
  mevzuat) uyumludur.
• Muafiyet sisteminin varligi (bireysel ve grup
  muafiyetleri ) Uyumlastirma baglaminda önemli
  olan, muafiyet sisteminin varligidir. Muafiyet
  sisteminin bireysel ya da grup seklinde nasil
  uygulanacagi yönteme iliskin bir konudur.

• Antitrust Rules (Sub Section 1)/1
• The Competition Act (Act on Protection of
  Competition No4054) with the necessary legal and
  administrative capacity deserves to be mentioned
  a modern competition law.
• It represents the crucially important aspect of
  the obligations of Turkey to harmonize its
  legislation in the area of competition law and
  policy with those of the EC (acquis
  communataire).
• The main rules of the Act on prohibition (Article
  4, 6 and 7), fining and procedure, and the
  secondary legislations (merger control, block
  exemptions regulations) are designed mainly in
  accordance with the competition rules of the EC
  (Article 81 and 82 and secondary legislation).
• The existence of exemption system (both
  individual and block exemptions) In terms of
  harmonisation, what is important is the existence
  of exemption system, whether to apply it on the
  basis of individual or block form is a matter of
  method.

15
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• Antitrust Rules (Sub Section 1)/2
• The Competition Policy is mainly in line with the
  EC legislation in terms of antitrust.
• There are some secondary legislations of EC not
  adopted directly by the Competition Board.
• However, the absence of these secondary
  legislations in the form of communique or notice
  does not mean that the Turkish competition rules
  fails to be in line with the EC legislation.

• Anti-tröst Kurallar
• (Birinci alt bölüm)/2
• Anti-tröst kurallari baglamindaki rekabet
  politikasi AT mevzuatiyla uyumludur.
• Rekabet Kurulunun dogrudan kabul etmedigi bazi
  ikincil düzenlemeler mevcuttur.
• Bununla birlikte, teblig ya da duyuru seklindeki
  ikincil mevzuatin yoklugu Türk rekabet
  kurallarinin AT mevzuatiyla uyumlu olmadigi
  anlamina gelmemektedir.

16
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• Public Monopolies, Exclusive and Special Righst
  
• (Sub Section 2)/1
• The TCA is not direclty responsible for this sub
  section of competition policy chapter.
• However, it has a direct benefit from the
  improvement in this area of policy.
• Therefore, the TCA has established a group of
  expert working on this issue.

• Kamu Tekelleri, Inhisari ve Özel Haklar
• (Ikinci alt bölüm)/1
• Rekabet Kurumu, rekabet politikasi basliginin bu
  bölümünden dogrudan sorumlu degildir.
• Bununla birlikte, bu konudaki gelismelerden
  dogrudan fayda saglamaktadir.
• Dolayisiyla, Rekabet Kurumu bu konuda çalismak
  üzere bir uzman grubu olusturmustur.

17
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• Public Monopolies, Exclusive and Special Righst
  
• (Sub Section 2)/2
• The TCAs role with regard to public monopolies
  and undertakings with exclusive and special
  rights
• The role of the TCA in privatisation,
• The issue of whether competition rules can be
  applied against anticompetitive practices of
  public undertakings,
•  
• The competition advocacy role concerning some
  measures, which saves public undertakings against
  private competitors.

• Kamu Tekelleri, Inhisari ve Özel Haklar
• (Ikinci alt bölüm 2)/2
• Kamu tekellerine ve inhisari ve özel haklara
  sahip tesebbüslere iliskin Rekabet Kurumunun
  rolü
• Rekabet Kurumunun özellestirmelerdeki rolü,
• Kamu tesebbüslerinin rekabete aykiri
  uygulamalarina rekabet kurallarinin uygulanip
  uygulanamayacagi konusu,
• Kamu tesebbüslerini özel rakiplerine karsi
  koruyan bazi tedbirlere iliskin rekabet
  savunuculugu rolü.

18
Türk Rekabet Politikasinin AB Müktesebatina Uyumu
(The Harmonisation of the Turkish Competition
Policy with the Acquis Communautaire)

• State Aid (Sub Section 3)
• The TCA is not responsible for the control of
  anti-competitive state aid.
• What is needed for harmonisation is the
  following
• Adoption of rules to control state aid distorting
  or threatening to distort competition
• The existence of an independent authority to
  monitor and supervise.

• Devlet Yardimlari
• (Üçüncü alt bölüm)
• Türk Rekabet Kurumu rekabete aykiri devlet
  yardimlarinin kontrolünden sorumlu degildir.
• Uyumlastirma için gerekenler
• Rekabeti bozan ya da bozmakla tehdit eden devlet
  yardimlarinin kontrolüne iliskin kurallarin
  kabulü
• Izleme ve denetleme görevini yerine getirecek
  bagimsiz bir otoritenin varligi.

19
3. Bölüm1 Mayis 2004den beri Topluluk Rekabet
Politikasinda Yasanan Reform Section 3The
reform of EC Competition Policy since 1st of May,
2004
20
Reform Paketi(Reform Package)

• 1. 1/2003 Sayili Konsey Tüzügü
• 2. 773/2004 Sayili Komisyon Uygulama Tüzügü
• 3. Duyurular
• Avrupa Rekabet Kurumlari Agi Duyurusu,
• Ulusal Mahkemelerle isbirligi Duyurusu,
• Sikayetler Duyurusu,
• Informel Rehberlik Duyurusu,
• Ticaret üzerine etki Duyurusu
• Madde 81(3)ün Uygulanmasina Iliskin Duyuru

• 1. Council Regulation of 1/2003
• 2. Commission Regulation of 773/2004
• 3. Notices
• European Competition Network (ECN) Notice,
• Notice on co-operation with national courts,
• Complaints Notice,
• Informal guidance Notice,
• Effect on Trade Notice,
• Article 81(3) Notice

21
1/2003 Sayili Konsey Tüzügünün Bazi Önemli
Yönleri( Some Significant Aspects of the Council
Regulation of 1/2003)

• Uygulamanin Adem-i Merkeziyetçi hale gelmesi ve
  Avrupa Rekabet Kurumlari Aginin Kurulmasi,
• Bildirim Sisteminin ve Menfi Tespit Sisteminin
  kaldirilmasi,
• Baglayici Taahhüt Mekanizmasi getirilmesi,
• 81(3) maddenin otomatik olarak uygulanmasi,
• Ag içinde gizli bilgiler de dahil bilgi degisimi,
• Yerinde incelemelerde sirket yöneticilerinin
  evlerinin de aranabilmesi,
• Usul ihlallerinde oran üzerinden ceza verilmesi,
• Sektör incelemeleri yapilmasi ve bu incelemeler
  sirasinda bilgi isteme ve yerinde inceleme
  yetkilerinin kullanilmasi,

• Decentralized application and the establishment
  of ECN,
• The abolishment of notification system,
• Introduction of Committment system,
• Automatic application of Article 81 (3)
• The sharing of confidential information,
• The power to on-the-spot investigation at homes
  of the managers,
• Fines based on percentage for procedural
  failures,
• The authority to exploit the powers for
  information request and on the spot
  investigation.

22
Reformlarin Türk Rekabet Politikasi için
Anlami(The Meaning of Reform for the Turkish
Competition Policy)

• Konuya mevzuat uyumu açisindan bakildiginda, bu
  modernlesme paketinde yer alan 1/2003 sayili
  Konsey Tüzügü ve Komisyon Uygulama Tüzügünün
  mevzuat uyumu sürecinde dikkate alinmasi
  gerekebilecek düzenlemeleri içerdigi
  görülmektedir.
• Diger yandan AT rekabet kurallarinin adem-i
  merkeziyetci bir sekilde uygulanmasini saglamak
  üzere kurulan Avrupa Rekabet Kurumlari Aginin
  saglikli bir sekilde islemesi için kabul edilen
  duyurular esas olarak Mevzuat uyumu bakimindna
  anlamli degildir.
• Bu Duyurular ancak Türkiye tam üye olup söz
  konusu agin bir parçasi olduktan sonra bizim için
  anlamli olabilir.

• There are certain provisions to be regarded with
  a view to harmonising in Regulation 1/2003 and
  Regulation 773/2004
• However, the Notices for the decentralized
  application of the competition rules and a healty
  functioning of the ECN are not relevant for the
  Turkish competition policy, as Turkey is not a
  member yet.
• These Notices might be relevant only following
  the membership.

23
Tesekkürler(Thank You)
Iletisim Bilgileri/Contact Info Yasar
TEKDEMIR Adres (Adress) Rekabet Kurumu
(Competition Authority), Bilkent Plaza B3 Blok,
Bilkent/ANKARA Tel [phone] E-mail
ytekdemir_at_rekabet.gov.tr