Title: Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services
1Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services
- International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau
2THE GLOBAL CONCEPT
- ICAO Goal To provide a world-wide SAR system
that will provide assistance to all persons in
distress regardless of nationality or
circumstance - The fastest, most effective and practical way to
achieve this goal is to develop regional systems
associated with each ocean area and continent.
3INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SAR
(IAMSAR) MANUAL
-
- expounds
- SHARED USE of ASSETS, and
- COOPERATION, between
- government industry,
- civilian and military,
- aeronautical maritime,
- ATC SAR.
4- Some States have special challenges.
5Regionalization provides
- standardized services,
- avoidance of duplication,
- access to shared,
- more plentiful assets, and
- wider coverage at
- contributory cost.
6ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY OVERSIGHT AUDIT
PROGRAMME
- Many administrations lack an appropriate
legislative framework, including - basic civil aviation law,
- appropriate regulations,
- procedures, documentation and
- guidance material
7Still deeper shortcomings..
- There is a lack of
- qualified and experienced technical personnel
- .adequate certification and licensing systems
and - .authorities to oversee regulate service
providers and resolve safety issues.
8lack of commitment by governments is resulting
in...
- an inability to recruit retain staff,
- job insecurity,
- low staff morale, and
- lack of adequate support staff, equipment and
facilities.
9AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS
- Â MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS
- air law
- regulations
- operational documents
- committees of management
- letters of agreement
- equipment
- experienced qualified staff,
- training
- regulatory oversight.
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10RISK!
- that some States interests may be paid too
little regard. - Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be
the cornerstones of global SAR development. - The challenge is to provide for minimum system
requirements while preserving national identity,
sovereignty and cultural distinction.
11Culture affects Communication.
- beliefs and attitudes affect ones interaction
with others, that is, - how we talk to them,
- how we delegate,
- how we accept orders,
- how we negotiate differences of opinion,
- how decisions are made,
- how risks are evaluated, and
- other aviation-related issues
12 To design an effective SAR operations training
course
- requires
- the development of a communication training
course - to include a segment on inter-cultural
communication - or
- there will be serious risk of failure.
13regional air traffic control system
- will be dependent upon
- 1. New technology,
- 2. New procedures, and
- 3. New practices
- and the effectiveness of the way humans and
machines interact.
14 Optimising the human operator/ environment
relationship
- 1. by altering aspects of human behaviour to meet
the demands of a particular task
- 2. by altering aspects of the environment to meet
the particular needs of the operator
15- Human SOVEREIGNTY
- in the RCC
16Human-centred approach
- ...provides the operator with automated
assistance that saves time and effort. - The operators task is supported, not managed, by
computing machinery.
17HUMAN OPERATORS
- ..are the ultimate integrators of system
elements - This dependence is unlikely to decrease
- and may increase in unanticipated ways, so ...
- UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMANS!
18 issues of an institutional and legal nature
- SAR is already ahead of the game with highly
effective, consensual arrangements for the
Cospas-Sarsat system.
19Technology
- changes role of workers from hands on to
thinkers and controllers and - introduces new realm for error.
- Cause effect
- are more difficult
- to find out.
20Two kinds of ACCIDENTS
- INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENTS
- ...the greater number
- ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTS
- rare
- can be catastrophic in complex industries
- recently identified
- product of technical innovations.
21The events in an accident chain
- are difficult to discern ahead
- of time therefore difficult to
- control frequently obscured
- by time, tradition the
- common-place BUT there is
- a logic to them, and
- safety can be enhanced
- by timely adjustments.
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24We are more driven...
- ...to produce than protect.
- We have more productive skills than protective.
- To produce is more amenable to our professional
natures.
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26LAYERS OF DEFENCE
- to create understanding and awareness
- to give clear guidance
- to provide alarms and warnings
- to restore the system
- to interpose safety barriers
- to contain and eliminate the hazards
- to provide the means of escape and rescue
27SOFT APPLICATIONS
- PAPER AND PEOPLE
- legislation,
- regulatory surveillance,
- rules and procedures,
- training,
- drills and briefings,
- administrative controls,
- licensing certification,
- supervisory oversight and
- front line work force.
- RELEVANT TO SAR
28LAYERS OF DEFENCE
- to create understanding and awareness
- to give clear guidance
- to provide alarms and warnings
- to restore the system
- to interpose safety barriers
- to contain and eliminate the hazards
- to provide the means of escape and rescue
29CONCLUSIONS
- 1. An arrangement of several regional
organizations could provide essential elements
beyond the capacity of individual States - 2. Barriers safeguards must be set in place
they must be comprehensive mutually supportive.
30LATENT FAILURES
- DELUSIVE because they seem INNOCUOUS BENIGN
- imprecise procedures,
- shortfalls in training,
- inadequate equipment,
- bad strategic decisions by regulators,
organizational managers or international
organizations
31CHERNOBYL
- Valeri Legaslov After being at Chernobyl, I
drew the unequivocal conclusion that the accident
was the summit of all the incorrect running of
the economy which had been going on in our
country for many years.
32Close attention needs to be paid to
- legislation,
- regulatory surveillance,rules and
procedures,documentation,training,administrativ
e controls,operator proficiency standards, - supervisory oversight.
33A safe and effective SAR system in Asia- and the
world
- International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau