Title: Alex C' MUELLER
1Alex C. MUELLER
- Contribution au séminaire de ISCC
- "Epistémologie de la Communication"
"Vérités scientifiques contre Obscurantismes"
quelques réflexions dans le contexte de la
communication autour de l'énergie nucléaire.
2Les Questions du Séminaire ISCC
- Quels sont les impacts des modèles
communicationnels sur les théories de la
connaissance? J'en ai pas la moindre idée! -
Comment penser les conditions démergence ou de
naissance des disciplines scientifiques?
Quelques indications à propos de la LCA -
Quelles ruptures de paradigmes scientifiques ont
été produites par lémergence de ces nouveaux
territoires de recherche? On a rompu des
paradigmes "ecolopolitiques" en appliquant une
démarche scientifique - Comment envisager selon
votre discipline scientifique, le corpus
suivant (pour exemple communication, dialogue,
émission, interaction, langage, mémorisation,
organisation, savoirs, technologies de
linformation et de la communication,
transmission, etc...)? Quelques indications
indirectes - Quel est le rôle de la
communication dans la théorie de la
connaissance? Je n'en sais rien. LCA Life
Cycle Analysis
3La perception du CNRS dans le baromètre de l'IRSN
2006 (sur des questions du nucléaire)
4Urgency of knowledge-based approach
Common, but not "knowledge based"
opinions/misconceptions (alas, often voiced by
political ecologists)
- We have just to replace fossile energy
(nuclear) - sources by "renewable" energies
- Sufficient initial public subsidizing will be a
quick means - to reach economic competitiveness for any
"renewable" - energy through mass-production
- It is impossible to solve the nuclear waste
issue - (gegen Kernmüll kan man "bekanntlich" nichts
tun)
5What is "Sustainability" ?
- We must consider our planet to be on loan from
our children, rather than being a gift from our
ancestors. (...) As caretakers of our common
future, we have the responsibility to seek
scientifically sound policies, nationally as well
as internationally. If the long-term viability of
humanity is to be ensured, we have no other
choice. - (Gro Harlem Brundtland)
- Definitions from the Brundtland Commission
- Sustainable Development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. - Its a process of change in which the
exploitation of resources, - the direction of investments, the orientation of
technological development and institutional
change are made consistent with - future as well as present needs.
6Measuring Sustainability
- Sustainability of an energy producing system
can be - measured by costs if all costs are considered.
- all costs internal external (use of
environment) - over the whole cycle of life
- hence, management rules (from Voss 2005)
- The supply of energy services shall be carried
out with - the possibly lowest total costs.
- Total costs represent a useful measure for the
usage of - scarce resources.
-
- Therefore they are an indicator for relative
sustainability - of technologies and systems for supplying
energy. - Research and development are the basis for
improving - efficiencies for usage of resources, for
limiting energy - caused environmental impacts and for
expanding the - technical-economical energy-basis for
future generations.
7Growth in World Energy Demand
("typical" predictions)
also "typical" electricity 1/3 of primary
energy electricity 40 of world's CO2 emissions
Nuclear share of electricity 17 world-wide 35
Europe 78 France
8Total de CO2 émis 24 milliards de tonnes par an
Énergies primaires responsables
9Rejets par an et par habitant en FRANCE
- Industriels 2,5 tonnes dont 100 kg toxiques
- Ménagers 0,8 tonne
- Dioxyde de carbone CO2 6 tonnes
- Nucléaires 1 kg dont 100 g de moyenne et forte
activités
10950
340
Autres énergies fossiles Fioul 800 g/kWh
Gaz 570 g/kWh
11Equivalences de différentes énergies primaires
1,7 tonnes de charbon
1 tonne de pétrole
3,3 tonnes de bois
0,5 gramme de matière fissile
12Total life cycle raw material requirements
Source Marheineke 2002
13The German Plan Political Fiction (2020 -40)
Red Point Flocard extrapolation And continuation
of Nuclear Power at present level
14Health Risk in YOLL / GWh
Source Hirschberg, PSI (2004)
15Costs including externalities
Source Hirschberg, PSI (2004)
16Le "casse-tête" énergétique
- Les hypothèses pour 2050
- La consommation dénergie naugmentera que
dun facteur 2 (économie dénergie !) - Lémission de CO2 sera réduite dun facteur 2
2005
2050 Consommation 10 Gtep ( de
10 Gtep) 20 Gtep ( de 20 Gtep)
Fossiles 7.9 78 2
4.1 20 Boisdéchets 1.0 10
x 3 3.3 17 Hydraulique 0.6 6
x 2 1.2 6 Autre renouvelables 0.05
0.5 x 100
5.4 27 Nucléaire 0.6 6 x
10 6.0 30
Solaire thermique et photovoltaique, éolien,
géothermie, biomasse