THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUADALAJARA METROPOLITAN AREA GMA

1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUADALAJARA METROPOLITAN AREA
(GMA)

• Carlos Barba Solano
• Benjamín Chapa García
• Elena de la Paz Hernández Águila
• Roberto Hernández Hérnandez
• Ofelia Woo Morales
• University of Guadalajara

2
GMA is locate in the STATE OF JALISCO which is
situated in the Central Western Region of Mexico
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The State of Jalisco

• The fourth most populous of Mexico
• (After the State of Mexico, Mexico City and
  Veracruz)
• In 2005 it had 6.8 million inhabitants

• While in 1960 one of every two people lived in
  rural areas
• by 2005 almost three out of four lived in urban
  areas

4
The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA) within
the State of Jalisco
The GMA is one of the most important industrial
regions Mexico and the largest in its Region

• The GMA provides the bulk of GDP in the entity
  In 2008 approximately 57 billion pesos,
  representing 6.4 of National GDP

5
Within Jalisco GMA belongs to the Central Region

• AREA
• 1471 Km2

GMA
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The GMA in the context of the state of Jalisco

• It has the majority of the entitys population
• About 60.7 in 2005

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The core of the GMA are 4 cities

• Guadalajara (the third largest city in Mexico)
• Zapopan
• Tlaquepaque
• Tonalá
• After Mexico City and Ecatepec de Morelos in the
  State of Mexico

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GMA and its core municipalities
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GMA Core Municipalities Population in 2005
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GMA Population distribution 2005

• Median age 21
• Literacy level 92

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Distribution of population by age, 2005 ()
58.2
3.1 did not specify his age
12
The GMA among the three main metropolitan areas
in Mexico in 2005
B/A19
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GMA ETHNIC INFORMATION (2005)

• Most of the inhabitants are of mixed racial
  ancestry or mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) and
  speak Spanish
• Indigenous population just 18,695 inhabitants
• Indigenous languages spoken Nahuatl, Purepecha,
  Otomi, Huasteca and Maya
• Foreign inhabitants 85,000

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GMA Using terrain
This distribution contrast sharply with the
percentage of the employed population of the GMA
in the primary sector, which is only 0.4
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Since 1960 Guadalajara is considered a primacy
city

• It is the largest city in the Central Western
  Region of Mexico
• It has a greater number of industrial,
  administrative and high-level coordinating
  activities than any other in the region

• It is also more involved in flows and trade
  coordination and control
• And historically it has played an important role
  as an intermediary between the cities of this
  region and Mexico City

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Guadalajara as a Regional Pole of attraction

• Its condition of primacy city transformed it into
  an important center of demographic attraction
• But its population growth responded also to the
  industrialization process, ongoing from 1950 to
  1990
• This trend was maintained until the end of the
  1980s when Guadalajara reached its maximum
  population around 1 million and 650 thousand
  inhabitants

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When GMA became a Metropolitan Area?

• Since the 1950s it is considered a metropolis
• But it was until 1970 when the economic and
  social relation with the rest of the cities from
  the metropolitan area were consolidated

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GMA Migration

• In a state traditionally characterized by
  expelling a large number of migrants to the U.S.
• GMA has moved gradually to become an entity that
  also expels migrants
• Printing an urban feature to migration in Jalisco
  which previously was associated primarily with
  the rural environment

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GMA INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Traditionally, the dynamic of industrialization
  in Guadalajara was the horizontal spread of
  small-scale productive units
• intensively using both family and waged labor
• Due to Such characteristic Guadalajara was
  originally known as The big city of small
  industry"

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A new profile of industrialization during the
1960S

• However, towards the sixties, national companies
  began to buy a large number of small businesses,
  mostly in commerce and banking sectors
• The local commercial retailing chains were also
  sold to national conglomerates
• While the production of intermediate and capital
  goods were developed also tied to national and
  transnational investment

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Something remarkable GMA transit from national
to regional-global economy

• After the economic crisis of the 1980s. and the
  end of the model of industrialization following a
  pattern of Import Substitution
• The government of Jalisco Sate has prompted the
  establishment of a large number of electronic
  industries in the GMA and neighboring
  municipalities
• From 1996 to 1997 265 Asian companies were
  installed

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from national to regional-global economy in the
1990s

• From 1999 to 2007, there has been registered
  foreign direct investment by about 4,080 million
  dollars
• Based on electronic manufactured plants, from
  1996 to 2001 the economy and employment in
  Guadalajara grew faster than the national economy
• 90 thousand new direct jobs were created

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Something remarkable

• In 2007, GMA exports reached 11,895 million
  dollars
• The "Machinery and electrical equipment" division
  was predominant this participated with 73.6
• These data show a specialization that allows this
  region to compete or to be linked with the main
  producers of computer equipment globally

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GMA between global network and regional economy

• While Guadalajara has successfully inserted into
  the global network of electronic goods production
• The promotion of linkages with local enterprises
  has been very weak
• At the same time, traditional industries such as
  the food one do still persist, maintaining a
  significant regional economy

The level of inputs purchased by the industry of
the national productive structure is located
between 3 and 5
Weakness
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between global network and regional economy

• Furthermore, there is an important economic and
  social sector that stays outside the production
  restructuring
• This has generated inequities, such as the
  emergence of informal activities, that offer low
  wages and no social benefits

Weakness
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GMA FROM SHELTERED TO PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT

• The issue of employment is critical
• to understand
• the new social situation in
• Metropolitan Areas (MAs)
• in Latin America
• They are suffering an irreversible
  deindustrialization and their tertiary sector
  have become predominant
• It has tremendous repercussions in employment
  basically lower number of stable and well-paid
  jobs and precariousness

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Jalisco and GMA (2005)Employed population by
sectors ()
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Two remarkable facts in the case of the GMA

• and the absolutely marginal role of the primary
  sector
• (0.4)

• The major relative weight of the industry
• (33.7 of employed population)
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the GMA rose from
  5.4 in 1980 to 7.4 in 2003 of the national
  total

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Precariousness in GMA

• Unemployment is low 3 as average in recent
  years
• But it masks a situation of
• unprotected jobs
• low payments
• inadequate working conditions
• and increasing and
• unprotected female participation

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Some examples (2005)

• The proportion of the employed population that
  was receiving 2 minimum wages in 2005 was 38.2
  in Tlaquepaque and 43 in Tonalá
• In GMA 20.7 of the employed population is
  self-employed
• and 7.5 receives no compensation

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN JALISCO, 2004

• Jalisco, which is the third state with the
  largest contributions to the national GDP
• lies paradoxically in 13th place among the states
  of Mexico, in terms of the Human Development
  Index

The position occupied by Jalisco in 2004 is
equivalent to that of Trinidad and Tobago
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Human development in GMA (2005)

• At municipal level, major cities in the GMA
  occupy worst places
• Zapopan was located at the site 28
• Guadalajara at 34
• Tlaquepaque at 178
• Tonalá at the site 307

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GMA Health Deficit (2005)

• While 49.7 of the population of Jalisco lacked
  health insurance
• In the GMA the
• situation is
• a little bit better
• 43.9 is unprotected
• The coverage is superior in Guadalajara where
  only 38 have no health insurance
• However, the deficit is still very large in the
  three levels (state, GMA, and municipalities)

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Jalisco Education 2005 (paradoxes)

• Positive indicators
• The rate of analphabetism among people aged 15 or
  older is only 5.5
• The proportion of children (5 to 14 years)
  attending school increased from 89.9 in 2000 to
  92.7 in 2005

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Major educational setbacks

• 6.2 of the population aged 15 years or more had
  failed to enter the education system
• 14.7 had barely complete primary school
• Only 19.8 managed to complete the primary school
  
• Just 28.7 had at least one grade in high school
  or in technical or commercial studies

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GMA Education 2005

• Comparatively, the situation in the GMA is
  better, especially in the cases of Guadalajara
  and Zapopan
• Zapopan recorded the highest average schooling
  for the population aged 15 or older, with 9.9
  years
• which represents, 1 year 7 months longer than the
  state average
• Guadalajara recorded the lowest rate of
  analphabetism with 2.6, compared to 3.0 in
  Zapopan and a state average of 5.5

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GMA Housing and assets

• In the GMA
• Growth housing rate was much higher
• Examples are Tlaquepaque with a rate of 4.2 and
  4.1 in Tonalá
• About 98 of households have electric lighting
• Access levels are also high in terms of piped
  water and so does the drainage
• Especially in Guadalajara, with an access of
  99.1

• In Jalisco
• While the average annual rate of population
  growth was 1.2, that of inhabited houses was
  2.3

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Two remarkable things in GMA

• The high GMA growth housing rate

• The strong growth of households with computers
• Which rose from 11.9 in 2000 to 24.2 in 2005

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A technological gap in GMA

• While in 2005 in the city of Guadalajara 34.6 of
  households have at least one computer

• In Tlaquepaque and Tonalá only 7.9 and 5.8
  respectively have such access

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Critical issues

• Although Jalisco is at a low level of alimentary
  poverty and poverty of capacities
• There are at least 9 states whose performance is
  better in the first category
• And 4 whose performance is better in the second

• And while in the area of asset poverty Jalisco
  is located at an average level (along with 10
  other federal entities)
• It is situated below 5 states

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Poverty in Jalisco better performance than
national (2005) ()
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More critical issues

• In terms of social backwardness
• (index that combines indicators of income,
  educational setback, access to health care,
  social security, housing, food and social
  cohesion)
• Although Jalisco is located at a low level along
  with other 6 states
• It is below others 8 who have a better
  performance

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Poverty in GMA (2005) ()
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3 Critical Issues reveled by GMA poverty data

• The ineffectiveness of social programs to fight
  poverty
• As well as the incapacity of health and
  educational institutions to ensure universal
  social rights

• The effects of the low quality of employment

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SOCIAL ACTORS

• Since the eighties, Mexican businessmen have
  assumed a leadership role in politics and have
  had an important participation in government as
  well as in the implementation of Mexican
  neo-liberal economic model
• In Jalisco local businessmen have been replaced
  by groups from Monterrey and Mexico City
• Those are big entrepreneurs directly involved in
  the design of economic policy in Jalisco State
• While the local managerial elite of electronic
  industries, developed since the mid-nineties,
  mainly comes from the USA
• So far, the establishment of a large number of
  electronic industries in the GMA has only created
  very weak linkages with local enterprises

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Actions cultural, educational and economic
  development (trade, investment, tourism).
• Paradiplomacy.
• Intermunicipal coordination to carry out
  international activities is virtually nonexistent
  inside the GMA.
• Towards the State of Jalisco, the coordination is
  sporadic and superficial.
• The more functional relationships are with the
  federal government and with the Mexican
  Municipalities Association.
• The reasons for this lack of coordination rest on
  distrust and autonomist zeal of the
  municipalities, as well as the characteristics of
  regional policy.

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

• Intermunicipal coordination
• The output of the international actions
• - Electronics
• - Software
• - Education