Gasoline and Alternative Fuels

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Gasoline and Alternative Fuels

• Jim Halderman

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Topics to be Discussed

• Makeup and terminology of vehicle fuels
• Gasoline properties
• Types of alcohols
• Concerns about alcohol enhanced fuels
• Synthetic fuels and blends
• How to test fuel for RVP and Alcohol
• C.A.F.E. rating and E85
• Service related issues

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The Need for Alternative Fuels

• Peak Oil- the worlds production of oil is close
  to its peak
• Reduce imported oil
• Global warming concerns and the need to reduce
  C02 emissions which is currently about one pound
  per mile for every vehicle

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Imported Oil VS. Consumption
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Will Gasoline Cost Increase ?
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Types of Alternative Fuels

• The U.S Department of Energy (http//www.eere.ener
  gy.gov/afdc/)
• recognizes eight types of alternative fuels
• Ethanol
• Natural gas
• Propane
• Hydrogen
• Biodiesel
• Electricity
• Methanol
• P-series fuels

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Gasoline

• Gasoline consists of 500 hydrocarbons with
  between 3 and 12 carbon atoms per molecule
• Huh?

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Organic Chemistry 101

• Methane-one carbon atom four hydrogen atoms
  (CH4)
• Natural gas is methane

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Natural GasMostly Methane
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What does NMHC Mean?

• NMHC means non-methane hydrocarbons
• Cows produce methane gas (two places)
• If emission level standards included methane,
  then areas with cows may fail
• Decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste
  landfills
• NMHC measures all hydrocarbons EXCEPT methane
  which is considered to be a potent greenhouse gas
  (23 times that of CO2)

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Ethane (C2H6)
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Whats this to do about Alcohol?

• If one of the Hs is replaced with an hydroxyl
• group (-OH) (adding an atom of oxygen to the
  molecule) this changes methane into methanol and
  ethane into ethanol (delete the e and add ol
  at the end
• Adding the oxygen atom to the molecule is all it
  takes to create an alcohol
• The oxygen in the fuel itself is called an
  oxygenated fuel

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The Oxygen will not Escape

• Oxygenated fuel is not like soft drinks where the
  CO2 can bubble out
• Carbonated water, also known as soda water,
  sparkling water, fizzy water, club soda, or
  seltzer water, is plain water into which carbon
  dioxide gas has been dissolved

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Shelf Life

• Shelf life means that length of time a product
  can be stored (on a shelf) and still have like
  new performance
• Oxygenated fuel, like any fuel, has a shelf life
  of about 90 days according to industry experts

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Other Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons come in many different forms.
• The number of carbons determines its name.
• Replace the four hydrogen atoms from methane and
  replace with two chlorines and two fluorines.
• The result dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)

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Glycols

• The same with glycols
• Add another OH to the ethanol and you get
  ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
• This is why antifreeze can burn
• Antifreeze can be ignited and will burn

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Methanol (CH3OH)

• The bad alcohol
• Made from natural gas or wood
• Called wood alcohol
• Very corrosive
• Must be used with another alcohol called a
  co-solvent if used in an engine
• Also called methyl alcohol or methyl hydrate

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MethanolContains 50 oxygen by weight and is
very corrosive
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M85 Flex Fuel Vehicles

• M85 flex-fuel vehicles are a gasoline vehicle
  that can use M85
• You need about 1.7 gallons of M85 to get the
  same driving range as one gallon of gasoline, but
  price of a gallon of gasoline is about 1.7 times
  the price of a gallon of M85, so it balances out

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Ethanol (C2H5OH)

• The good alcohol
• Is not as corrosive as methanol
• Made from corn or bio-mass (called bioethanol)
• Called grain alcohol
• Also called ethyl alcohol
• Used as an additive to gasoline
• Used to be called gasohol

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Propane (C3H8)
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Isopropanol (C3H8O)

• Isopropanol is sometimes sold as "Isopropyl
  Rubbing Alcohol, 70 (or 90)"
• Isopropyl alcohol is also commonly used as a
  cleaner and solvent in industry

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Isopropyl Alcohol

• Isopropanol is a major ingredient in "dry-gas"
  fuel additive
• Once soluble, the water does not pose the same
  risk as insoluble water as it will no longer
  accumulate in the supply lines and freeze

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Butane (C4H10)
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Pentane (C5H12)
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Hexane (C6H14)
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Heptane (C7H16)
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Octane (C8H18)
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ISO-OCTANE
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Olefins (Causes Valve Deposits)
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Naphthalene (Moth Balls)
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Toluene (used as an octane improver)
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Benzene (Cancer causing)Hi-Test gas used to be
called benzene
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Gasoline is a blend of hydrocarbons

• The heavier molecules provide heat energy and
  therefore fuel economy
• The lighter hydrocarbons are used to provide
  volatility to allow the engine to start in cold
  weather
• Therefore gasoline is blended for each season.

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Gasoline Production
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Specific Gravity of Gasoline

• Gasoline has a specific gravity that ranges from
  0.730 to 0.760
• Water has a specify gravity of 1.000
• Gasoline is less dense than water
• Water will sink to the bottom of a gas tank

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Alcohol Specific Gravity

• Methanol is 0.792
• Ethanol is 0.815
• E85 ranges from 0.700 to 0.770
• Therefore it would be hard to detect if a
  customer were using E85 by testing the specific
  gravity.

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Octane Rating

• Octane rating is a measure of the fuels ability
  to resist detonation (ping or spark knock)
• Gasoline is most commonly rated based on the
  ANTIKNOCK INDEX (AKI), a measure of octane rating

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Octane Ratings (Continued)

• The AKI of a motor fuel is the average of the
• Research Octane Number (RON)
• Motor Octane Number (MON)
• (RM)/2

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Octane Ratings (continued)

• The RON of a fuel is TYPICALLY 8 to 10 numbers
  higher than the MON.
• For instance, an 87 octane gasoline typically has
  a MON of 82 and a RON of 92.
• 82 92 174 divided by 2 87

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RM/2 Ratings

• Regular 87
• Mid-grade (Plus) 89
• Premium 91

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High Altitude Ratings(Why Lower?) (Lower Air
Density)
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E85 Octane Rating
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U.S. Gasoline Requirements
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Distillation Curve

• Measures the percentage of fuel that has
  evaporated at various temperatures
• More accurate method because it tracks
  evaporation at several temperatures instead of
  just one temperature

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Distillation Curve
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Driveability Index (DI)

• To predict cold-start and warm-up driveability, a
  driveability index (DI) has been developed using
  the temperatures for the evaporated percentages
  of 10 percent (T10), 50 percent (T50) and 90
  percent (T90)
• DI 1.5(T10) 3.0(T50) (T90)
• The DI varies with gasoline grade and season the
  normal range in the U.S. is 850F to 1300F
• Lower values of DI generally result in better
  cold-start and warm-up performance, but once good
  driveability is achieved, there is no benefit to
  further lowering the DI.

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Gasoline Standards
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Country wide distribution
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Miscible

• Miscible means able to be mixed
• This means that gasoline that meets standards is
  shipped through pipelines to others
• The additive packages are added at the
  distributors
• In other words, the basic product is the same no
  matter where it is purchased

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Ethanol Absorbs water
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E85 can not go in pipelines

• E85 absorbs moisture and therefore can become
  contaminated if transported through a pipeline
  designed for gasoline
• Therefore all ethanol and E85 has to be
  transported by tanker truck
• This limits the area where E85 is near ethanol
  plants

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Case Study

• Old Ford Turbo Coupe
• Problem with poor running after cylinder head
  replacement
• The vehicle had summer grade fuel and now it is
  winter
• Cant check for seasonal blend but can check for
  alcohol

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Checked Fuel for Contamination
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Phase Separation
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Tell Customers?

• Because alcohol absorbs water and it then
  separates at the bottom, it is best to warn
  customers that running with the tank below ¼ tank
  could cause driveability problems and possible
  P0300 DTCs
• Lower fuel level hotter temperature for the
  fuel pump also

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Gasoline Test 1

• A service technician can test gasoline for
  alcohol
• Check for alcohol content - should be less than
  10 unless E85 is being used
• E10 may test as being higher than 10 which can
  lead to driveability problems

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Alcohol Content Test
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What is E70?

• E85 may test as having less than 85 alcohol
• Ethanol is denatured using about 3 gasoline so
  E85 could test as having only about 82 alcohol
• In cold climates, the percentage drops to 70 to
  allow for easier starting in cold weather
  (October 1 until April 1)

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Fuel Composition Tester

• A fuel composition tester (SPX Kent-Moore J
  44175) is the tool recommended to use to test the
  alcohol content of gasoline.

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Step One

• This battery-powered tester uses light-emitting
  diodes (LEDs), meter lead terminals and two small
  openings for the fuel sample

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Step Two

• The first step is to verify the proper operation
  of the tester by measuring the air frequency by
  selecting AC hertz on the meter
• The air frequency should be between 35 Hz and 48
  Hz.

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Step Three

• After verifying that the tester is capable of
  correctly reading the air frequency, gasoline is
  poured into the testing cell of the tool.

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Step Four

• Record the AC frequency as shown on the meter and
  subtract 50 from the reading. (60.50-50.00
  10.5)
• This number (10.5) is the percentage of alcohol
  in the gasoline sample

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Step Five

• Adding additional amounts of ethyl alcohol
  (ethanol) increases the frequency reading

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Fuel Volatility vs. BTUs

• There seems to be a lot of confusion on this
  subject
• Fuel Volatility simply is How easily a liquid
  changes to a vapor
• The BTU measurement is the energy content of the
  fuel

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Gasoline RVP

• Gasoline vapor pressure measured at exactly 100
  degrees F
• Called Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)
• Easily checked by the technician
• Higher in the winter so the engine will start
• Lower in the summer to avoid evaporative losses
  and prevents vapor lock

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Gasoline Test 2

• A service technician can test the RVP of the
  gasoline
• Warm water (or coffee) in coffee cup to 100
  degrees
• Place cold sample of gasoline into tester and
  place into the warm water
• Shake and observe pressure. Should not exceed
  10.5 psi

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Testing for RVP
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Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) (vapor pressure
measured at exactly 100 degrees)
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Top Tier Gasoline

• This standard was developed by GM, BMW, Honda and
  Toyota
• Exceeds the standards set by the World Wide Fuel
  Charter (WWFC)
• Chevron Texaco and Conoco Phillps gasoline meets
  these standards
• http//www.toptiergas.com/

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Ford Recommends BPMeets WWFC standards but not
Top Tier
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Octane Improvers

• Toluene (RM/2.........114)
• Xylene (RM/2.........117)Methyl-tertiary-butyl-
  ether (MTBE) RM/2.........118(EPA first
  required this and now has banned its use. Ethanol
  is now the designated additive)

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Racing GasolineOK to use on the street? Sorry-No
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Nitro Methane

• CH3NO2
• Has a specific gravity of 1.139
• Very dense fuel that has oxygen and nitrogen in
  the molecule
• It is easy to determine the percentage of nitro
  in alcohol by measuring the specific gravity of
  the mixture. Adding nitro to alcohol will
  increase its specific gravity

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BTU is a BTU

• Regardless of the energy source, it still
  requires a certain amount of heat energy (BTUs)
  to propel a vehicle
• One British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of
  heat needed to raise one pound of water one
  degree F

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BTUs in Gasoline and E85

• 1 U.S. Gallon of gasoline contains 114,132 BTU
• E85 is then a blend of denatured ethanol and
  gasoline, therefore
• Denatured ethanol _at_ 77,815 BTU/gal x
  85 66,143
• Gasoline _at_114,132 BTU/gal x 15 17,120
• E85 83,263 BTU/gal

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E85 cost vs. Fuel Economy

• The cost of E85 is about 10 less than gasoline
  (E10)
• The fuel economy is about 20 to 30 less
• The payback is not there
• It costs more to use E85
• However drivers feel they are doing something for
  the country

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E85 and C.A.F.E rating

• Corporate average fuel economy (C.A.F.E) is based
  on the amount of gasoline used
• If a vehicle is able to operate on E85, the EPA
  assumes that it will be operating on E85 and
  therefore will rate the fuel economy based on the
  amount of gasoline (15) it would use
• This helps vehicle manufacturers meet the C.A.F.E
  standards

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Fuel Economy using E85

• A typical Chevrolet Tahoe with a 5.3 liter V-8
• Gasoline EPA rating is 15 city 20 highway
• E85 EPA rating is 11 city 15 highway

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Flex Fueled Vehicles

• Because the PERFECT air/fuel ratio known as
  STOICHIOMETRY for gasoline is 14.7 to 1
• Whereas the STOICHIOMETRY of E85 is 9.765 to 1

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Ethanol Carbon Cycle
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World Wide Ethanol Production
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Ethanol Production
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Where to get E85?www.e85fuel.com
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Grain Ethanol-Energy Balance

• The energy needed to produce ethanol is about 30
  less than the amount of energy released when it
  is burned
• This amount takes in the planting, transportation
  and other costs
• Some say it is about 65 whereas others say close
  to 100
• About 300 gallons of ethanol per acre of corn

http//www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/
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How Ethanol is Made from Corn
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Cellulose Ethanol

• Uses non-food portion of renewable feed stocks
  (plant fiber) such as corn stalks and other
  bio-mass to create ethanol
• Switch grass yields about 1,000 gallons of
  ethanol per acre
• More energy efficient than using corn
• Does not raise the price of the corn

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Cellulose Ethanol
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How Bioethanol is Made from Biomass
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Imported Ethanol

• Chevron imports about 30 of the ethanol used to
  make their E85
• The ethanol is being imported from Brazil
• In Brazil, ethanol is made from sugar cane and is
  a low cost to produce

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Environmentalists Love Ethanol(Reduces
greenhouse gases and is renewable)
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PLUS sides of Ethanol Fuel

• Increases Octane rating by 2.5 to 3.0 numbers.
• Increases Volatility slightly
• Ethanol Fuel cleans the entire fuel system ( This
  will also make my Downside list )
• Will run in all vehicles without any engine
  modifications ( at 10 and under )
• Lowers our dependency on foreign crude oil

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E85 and Greenhouse Gases
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Stop Breathing

• Humans and animals exhale the greenhouse gas
  carbon dioxide (C02)
• Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide and
  release oxygen
• Therefore we should stop breathing or plant more
  trees

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CO2 Emissions

• The major greenhouse gas emitted from vehicles is
  carbon dioxide(CO2)
• The average vehicle emits one pound of CO2 per
  mile of travel (based on 20 miles per gallon fuel
  economy)

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CO2 and Fuel Economy

• CO2 is related directly to fuel economy
• Some States such as California are trying to
  regulate CO2 emissions and therefore fuel economy
• The Supreme Court ruled that the EPA can regulate
  CO2

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European CO2 Limits

• The European Union target is a limit of 130 grams
  per kilometer by 2012
• The Toyota Prius emits 104 grams per km
• If higher than 225 g/km then there will be fine
  of from about 400 to 4,000 per year

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EPA Regulates CO2

• "It is a pretty historic effort to set the first
  regulatory program for greenhouse gas emissions
  under the Clean Air Act," Margo Oge, director of
  the EPA's Office of Transportation and Air
  Quality.

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20-in-10 Mandate

• President Bush's "20-in-10" plan to reduce
  gasoline consumption by 20 percent in 10 years
• The move, sparked by a landmark U.S. Supreme
  Court ruling, signals the Bush administration's
  desire for a historic shift of responsibility for
  fuel economy standards from transportation
  officials to clean-air regulators

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More Ethanol in our future

• President Bush has created an Advanced Energy
  Initiative (AEI)
• This calls for reducing oil imports from the
  middle East by 75 by the year 2025
• To do this the AEI calls for an increase in
  flexible fuel vehicles, that is those that are
  configured to run on either gasoline or a
  percentage blend mix of ethanol/gasoline.

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Tax Savings
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Downside of Ethanol Fuel

• Has lower BTUs (approx. 3.1 at 10 ethanol)
  than gasoline
• Water Tolerance changes
• Swelling of elastomer (rubber plastic)
  components, can breakdown some poly sealers

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What cost Ethanol?

• According to Greenwire.com
• Mexican farmers are abandoning the blue agave
  plant which is distilled to make tequila to plant
  fields of corn. The switch could create a tequila
  shortage.
• Germany faces a similar situation as bio-fuel
  demand is pushing farmers to stop barley
  manufacture in favor of bio-fuel grains like
  rapeseed and corn

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Cost of Ethanol?

• In Ohio, horse farms are finding a shortage of
  hay because farmers can make more growing
  corn
• The price of corn is increasing
• This means that many foods will also increase
  because corn is used for feed for cattle

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Lowering CO2 Emissions
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How to Identify a Flex Fuel Vehicle

• Look at the emblem on the vehicle

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VECI Sticker
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E10 is now the norm

• As of April 2, 2006 at least 85 of all the
  gasoline sold in United States has to contain 10
  by volume of ethanol
• Known as E10

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E10 Ethanol Fuel

• E10 is gasoline enriched with up to 10 percent
  ethanol
• All vehicle manufacturers have approved E10 for
  use in all makes and models  
• It is the most common ethanol-enriched fuel
  available 

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E85 Ethanol Fuel

• E85 is made for flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs),
  which are designed to run on any blend of ethanol
  and unleaded gasoline
• In the United States alone, nearly 3.5 million of
  these vehicles can run on E85 right now

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E85 in Flex Fuel Vehicles Only
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E85 Fuel System

• E85 ethanol is more corrosive than gasoline, so
  any fuel system components must be constructed
  with materials that withstand corrosion
• Bare magnesium, aluminum or rubber parts cannot
  be in contact with the alcohol in E85 ethanol fuel

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E85 Fuel System 2

• Ethanol easily absorbs moisture from its
  surroundings
• Ethanol can be oxidized into acetic acid, and
  peroxide which can cause deterioration of some
  fuel system materials and wear of the copper
  components in electric fuel pumps
• In the refinery process, additives can be blended
  in E85 ethanol fuel to reduce the harmful effects
  of corrosion

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E85 Fuel System 3

• Although fuel rails on certain GM Flex Fuel
  engines in previous model years were made of
  plastic, stainless steel is now (2007) the only
  material used for fuel rails on all engine
  applications

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E85 Fuel System 4

• The fuel injectors for use in engines running on
  E85 ethanol have a Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC)
  corrosion resistant finish
• The O-rings for the fuel injectors in GM Flex
  Fuel engines are more resistant to alcohol

118
E85 Fuel System 5

• The fuel pumps for E85 vehicles use an armature
  design with a graphite composition commutator
  that is more resistant to the corrosive action of
  alcohols
• Many conventional pumps now use the new improved
  armature.

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GM Virtual Flex Fuel Sensor

• Starting in 2005, GM vehicles have used a Virtual
  Flex Fuel Sensor (VFFS) method to determine the
  ethanol content of fuel in the tank of a Flex
  Fuel vehicle
• With the VFFS method, the Fuel Composition
  Sensor (FCS) is no longer required and the ECM
  uses software to learn (calculate) the ethanol
  content in fuel

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Reset LTFT

• Because the virtual fuel sensor uses the oxygen
  sensor to detect alcohol content, if the long
  term fuel trim is reset, the PCM will assume
  that either 100 gasoline or E10 is in the tank
  and make all future adjustments based on this
• Be sure to ask the customer if E85 has been used

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Propane
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Make up of LPG (propane)
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Propane Numbers

• 91,000 BTUs per gallon
• 104 octane
• Can be used indoors because little CO is produced
• Large storage tank required
• Refueling is not convenient

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Energy Density Comparisons
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Propane Storage
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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
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CNG Numbers

• 130 Octane
• 122 Cubic feet of CNG equals one gallon of
  gasoline
• 10 to 20 reduction in power when using CNG
  compared to gasoline

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CNG pressures

• Three standard pressures are commonly used in CNG
  systems
• 1. P24.2400 PSI
• 2. P30.3000 PSI
• 3. P36..3600 PSI
• Filling the tank to the highest pressure possible
  results in more fuel and allows for a greater
  range

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Honda CNG injectors
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Where to get CNG?
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Fill up at Home
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Alternate Fuel Comparison Chart
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Synthetic Fuel

• The Fischer-Tropsch method of creating liquid
  fuel from coal, natural gas and other fossil
  fuels was invented in Germany in the 1920s.
• The Fischer-Tropsch methods can be used to create
  liquid fuel from natural gas (gas-to liquid
  (GTL)) or create Fischer-Tropsch Diesel (FTD)

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Synthetic Fuel
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P-SERIES FUELS

• P-series alternative fuel is patented by
  Princeton University and is a non-petroleum-based
  fuel suitable for use in flexible fuel vehicles
  (FFV). P-series fuels are blends of the
  following
• Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
• Methyltetrahydrofuron, abbreviated MTHF
• Natural gas liquids, such as pentanes
• Butane

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Alternative Fuel Training

• National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium
• West Virginia University
• www.naftc.wvu.edu

137
Diesel Fuel

• Diesel fuel must meet an entirely different set
  of standards than gasoline
• The fuel in a diesel engine is not ignited with
  a spark, but is ignited by the heat generated by
  high compression
• The pressure of compression (400 to 700 PSI)
  generates temperatures of 1,200 to 1,600F,
  which speeds the pre-flame reaction to start the
  ignition of fuel injected into the cylinder
  
• All diesel fuel must be clean, be able to flow at
  low temperatures, and be of the proper Cetane
  rating

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Cleanliness

• Diesel fuel must be clean and free from water
• The fuel lubricants and cools the diesel
  injector pump and injectors
• Good-quality diesel fuel contains additives
  such as oxidation inhibitors, detergents,
  dispersants, rust preventatives, and metal
  deactivators

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Low Temperature Fluidity

• Diesel fuel must be able to flow freely at all
  expected ambient temperatures
• Pour point is the temperature below which the
  fuel would stop flowing
• Cloud point is the low-temperature point at
  which the waxes present in most diesel fuels tend
  to form wax crystals that clog the fuel filter.

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Cetane Number

• The Cetane number is a measure of the ease with
  which the fuel can be ignited (opposite of the
  octane number for gasoline)
• The Cetane rating of the fuel determines its
  ability to start the engine at low temperatures
  and to provide smooth warm-up and even combustion
• The Cetane rating of diesel fuel should be
  between 45 and 50
• The higher the Cetane rating, the more easily
  the fuel is ignited

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Diesel Fuel Specific Gravity Testing

• The density of diesel fuel should be tested
  whenever there is a driveability concern
• The density or specific gravity of diesel fuel
  is measured in units of API gravity
• The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of
  degrees API
• Oil with the least specific gravity has the
  highest API gravity.

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API Specific Gravity

• Degrees API gravity (141.5 specific gravity
  at 60F) 131.5
• The normal API gravity for 2 diesel fuel is 30
  to 39 (typically 35)
• A hydrometer calibrated in API gravity units
  should be used to test diesel fuel.

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Diesel Fuel Heaters

• Diesel fuel heaters, either coolant or electric,
  help prevent power loss and stalling in cold
  weather
• The heater is placed in the fuel line between
  the tank and the primary filter
• Some coolant heaters are thermostatically
  controlled, which allows fuel to bypass the
  heater once it has reached operating temperature.

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Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)

• ULSD is now the standard(15 ppm)
• Allows the use of aftertreatment devices on 2007
  diesels
• The old low sulfur diesel had 500 ppm sulfur.

145
Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable
  fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable
  oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant
  greases. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and
  reduces serious air pollutants such as
  particulates (PM), carbon monoxide, and
  hydrocarbons.

146
Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of
  long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable
  oils or animal fats which conform to ASTM D6751
  specifications for use in diesel engines
• Biodiesel refers to the pure fuel before
  blending with diesel fuel

147
How Biodiesel is Made
148
Biodiesel

• Made from renewable resources such as straight
  vegetable oil (SVO), animal fats or recycled
  restaurant greases
• Designated BXX with the XX representing the
  percentage of biodiesel in the blend
• Most vehicle manufacturers allow the use of B5
  (5)
• Dodge allows B20 only if an additional fuel
  filter kit is installed

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BioDiesel
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Is this a Good Sign?
151
Microbial Contamination

• The need for replacing fuel-filters due to clogs
  is typically the first noticeable symptom of a
  contaminated fuel system
• However, by the time symptoms are noticeable, the
  problem is severe and requires immediate
  treatment
• A kit can be used which will kill the microbes
  (bacteria and fungus), remove the slime and
  water, and stabilize the fuel for continued tank
  cleanliness

152
Microbes
153
Microbes

• Microbes live in the water at the water/diesel
  fuel separation point
• They live in the water and eat the hydrocarbons
• The microbe waste is what causes the slime and
  the colors in stale diesel fuel
• The same can occur to gasoline if stored for a
  long time (longer than 90 days)

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Electric Vehicles(Who killed them?)
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Two Types of Chargers
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Tri-Fuel Vehicle(Plug-in hybrid gas ethanol
or CNG)
157
Hydrogen the Answer?(BMW dual-fuel 7-Series)
158
No Carbon with Hydrogen

• Using a hydrocarbon fuel, the first thing that is
  burned is the hydrogen and this leaves the carbon
• No CO2 is created when hydrogen is burned

159
Hydrogen is not a fuel

• Hydrogen must be extracted to be used
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier
• It requires energy to extract and store hydrogen
• Can be made from natural gas (methane)
• Electrolysis (water into oxygen and hydrogen)

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Hydrogen from Solar or Wind
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Three challenges, one answer
Energy supply
Sustainability
Climate change
Priority for society
Kyoto-Protocol
CO2 emission reduction
Air pollution
Clean Air Act
Local emissions reduction
1970
today
long term
Source Honda
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
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Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells

• Fuel cells react with hydrogen and oxygen to
  generate electrical power with water and heat as
  by-products.
• This electrochemical method of power generation
  is pollution free and is more efficient than
  internal combustion engines.

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Why Fuel Cells for Vehicles?
Environmentally Clean
On-Board Power
HighPerformance
Design Freedom
High Efficiency
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Characteristics of Hydrogen Gas

• Odorless
• Colorless
• Tasteless
• Non-Toxic but can Asphyxiate
• Lighter than Air
• Hydrogen Flames Pale blue (almost invisible in
  day light)

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Remember the Hindenburg(filled with hydrogen
instead of non-flammable helium)
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Is Hydrogen Safe?

• Every fuel should be treated with respect H2 is
  no different
• Hydrogen has high buoyancy and dissipates easily
  in air, especially outdoors
• Burning hydrogen rises unlike gasoline, which
  spreads laterally

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Hydrogen Refueling
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Hydrogen is the Future

• Hydrogen fuel cells emit just water
• Toyota fuel cell vehicle purges water from the
  system when it shuts down
• This prevents the trapped water from freezing in
  cold weather

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Driving the Future
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For More Information

• Ballard www.ballard.com
• www.fuelcells.org.
• California Air Resources Board www.arb.ca.gov.
• National Hydrogen Association www.hydrogenus.com.
  
• The US Fuel Cell Council www.usfcc.com

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Percentage in the Future?
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Presentation Notes

• Which is ethanol?
• a. CH4
• b. C2H6
• 2. Which takes less energy to produce?
• a. Ethanol from corn
• b. Ethanol from bio-mass

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Presentation Notes

• 3. Which alternative fuel fumes rise if spilled?
• a. Hydrogen
• b. Propane
• 4. Which fuel changes due to climate (seasonal)
  temperatures?
• a. E85
• b. P-type

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Possible Recommendations(Twice a year)

• Techron (polyether amine) is a dispersant.
• Gets between carbon particles and prevents them
  from clinging together.
• Nothing actually dissolves carbon.
• Recommended by GM, BMW and Chrysler

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Recommendations (continued)

• Do not store any fuel longer than 90 days
• Keep fuel tank above ¼ if possible
• Do not overfill the tank or raw fuel will be
  drawn into the engine through the purge valve
• Purchase fuel from a busy station
• Use regular grade for most vehicles

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Summary

• Do you think the price of fuel will increase in
  the future?
• Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
• Gasoline has many standards
• Gasoline can be checked by a technician for RVP
  and alcohol content
• Alternative fuels all have advantages and
  disadvantages

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Contact and Resource Information

• Jim Halderman (jim_at_jameshalderman.com
• For a copy of this presentation go to
  http//storage.jameshalderman.com