CS 1322

1
CS 1322

• Introduction to
• Object Oriented Programming
• Lecture 01

2
Agenda

• Brief Introduction
• Course Mechanics
• Warning Danger Will Robinson
• Textbook
• Some Java Basics

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Brief Introduction (12pm)

• Instructor Bill Leahy
• bleahy_at_cc.gatech.edu
• Web pages
• www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2001/cs1322
• Office College of Computing Room 121
• Office Hours Tues/Thur 200-330 p.m. and by
  appointment email me! (bleahy_at_cc.gatech.edu)

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Course Mechanics
5
Contact Elements 1200 - 145 P.M.

• Lecture
• 2/week Howey-Physics
• Lecture Hall L3 1200 - 145 P.M.

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Contact Elements
Recitation Normally 1 per week 605 - 755
p.m. Tuesday See your personal Oscar schedule for
details as to which room. Starts next week!!!
This week only Help Session Thursday Library
Cluster 605 - 755 p.m. Verify on .announce
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Contact Elements
Lab 1/week approx. (will be 3 per week early) On
your own. Unlike CS1 (i.e., linked to course
content) Turn in via WebWork (help on web page
soon)
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Your Lifelines

• Your TA
• Is your friend
• Will have office hours
• First point of contact for problems
• Lecturer Office Hours
• TBA or by appointment
• Help Sessions
• To be announced
• Use them to your advantage

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Evaluation

• Quizzes
• 4 / semester
• Given during recitation
• Labs
• Programs
• Design Docs

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Evaluation

• Final
• Oscar is tentative
• Official time/date will be announced
• Comprehensive
• Some coding
• Some theory/general knowledge
• Grading
• TA by hand
• Autograding

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Grade

• 25 Programs
• 5 Designs
• 33 Tests (quizzes)
• 2 Buzzback!! (can even get extra credit)
• 15 Labs
• 20 Written final
• Extra Credit maximum 5 (Details on web page)

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BuzzBack

• http//survey.opaion.com
• Due approximately weekly
• Buzzbacks total 2 of grade!
• Completing all buzzbacks 1 extra credit
• Special Dead Week Buzzback is worth 1 extra
  credit completion
• Watch .announce for more info

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Academic Honesty

• It is expected that (unless specific instructions
  to the contrary are given) all student
  submissions will be individual efforts.
• All required coursework that is submitted for
  evaluation in this academic course becomes the
  property of the Georgia Institute of Technology,
  and is subject to review for evidence of academic
  misconduct. If such evidence is discovered,
  then the offending students will be referred to
  the Dean of Students for investigation.

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Academic Misconduct

• Section XVIII.C. of the Student Rules and
  Regulations defines academic misconduct as "any
  act that does or could improperly distort student
  grades or other student records."
• Among the list of items that are cited in this
  section are the following

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Academic Misconduct

• 1. Possessing, using or exchanging improperly
  acquired written or verbal information in the
  preparation of an essay, laboratory report,
  examination, or other assignment included in the
  academic course.
• 3. Submission of material that is wholly or
  substantially identical to that created or
  published by another person or persons, without
  adequate credit notations indicating the
  authorship (plagiarism).

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This also includes...

• Any attempt to circumvent autograders by
  producing the correct output for an assignment by
  using incorrect methods and techniques.

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Academic Honesty

• In layman's terms, this means that if any student
  receives or provides any information that would
  enable himself/herself or any other person to
  complete an assignment or examination that is not
  wholly the work of the person submitting that
  assignment or examination, then that student is
  in violation of the academic honor code of
  Georgia Tech. This includes copying published
  material from any source, whether written or
  electronic.

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Academic Honesty

• Any such incidents will be dealt with
  accordingly, and penalties for conviction can be
  severe - up to and including notice of academic
  misconduct on a transcript, failure in the
  academic course, required community service,
  expulsion from the College of Computing,
  expulsion from Georgia Tech.

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Questions?
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Why CS 1322?

• Was CS 1312, was CS 1302, was CS 1502
• University System of the State of Georgia Course
  Numbering System
• Large number of students received transfer credit
  for cs1501/cs1301/cs1311
• Results

Most transfer students who skip cs1311 fail or
drop cs1322
If you skipped cs1311, used excessive word, or
forgot things, you will find 1322 difficult.
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NOTE

• CS 1321 is not a Scheme programming course
• CS 1321 is an Introduction to Programming and
  Computing
• Similarly
• CS 1322 is not a Java programming course
• CS 1322 is about Object Oriented Programming and
  Data Structures

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Tip 1
Dont wait until the last minute to get help
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Tip 2
Hey, Ill still pass if I can get enough partial
credit.
Bad things happen while learning a new skill.
You will probably crash and burn on some
programs. Start early give yourself time for
mistakes.
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Tip 3
Dont be too ambitious with your course load.
You CANNOT slack off in this class, even for a
few days.
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Tip 4
Watch out for the big picture. Dont forget
this is a programming course, not a Java
course. Its dangerous to hide from the
programming part of the course. You may be
crushed on the final.
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Bottom Line

• If youre not adequately prepared for this
  course
• Option 1 Get prepared
• Option 2 Drop Now...Do us both a favor!
• Will have take home quiz to test your knowledge
  of the prerequisites.

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Textbooks

• Recommended Data Structures Problem Solving
  Using Java
• Mark Allen Weiss
• Hardcover or CD-ROM Edition!!!

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Additional Resources

• Download Bruce Eckels Book, Thinking in Java.
• 1,000 pages.
• Quite good.
• Might just help.
• Surf to
• http//www.mindview.net
• http//www.mindview.net/TIJ2/index.html

Possibly the worst web design ever seen keep
looking for the link!
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Additional Resources
Sun also has a free 1,000 page book on
Java. You should download or bookmark
this resource.
http//www.javasoft.com/docs/books/tutorial/index.
html
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Additional Resources The API for Java
We asked students a while ago what we could do to
improve the course. Many said
Why didnt you tell us about the API on the
first day?
The API is the Application Programmers
Interface, a useful document describing many of
Javas builtin features. For now, it might look
mysterious later it will be very useful.
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Where to get this API thing
http//www.javasoft.com/docs/
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NEW PACKAGING
2.
The Basics (Just the FAQs, Maam)
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Object Oriented Programming

• Abstraction
• Abstract data types
• Encapsulation
• Data
• Behavior
• Classes as templates
• Define object characteristics
• Used to produce instances (1 or more)

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Clever Segue

• To study Object Oriented Programming we will use
  the Java language
• There are a number of different OO Languages
• C
• Smalltalk
• Eiffel
• Java and OO are not synonymous

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Introduction to Java

• What Java is
• A tool for programming well
• Portable across any hardware platform that has a
  JVM interpreter
• Relatively easy to learn if you have a good
  foundation
• An object-oriented language
• What Java is not
• The Ultimate Programming Language
• HTML or another web-content language
• Only useful for web applets
• Just Another Vacuous Acronym

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Introduction to Java (contd)

• Strengths of Java
• A real language, in demand in industry
• Portability
• Comparatively easy to learn
• Difficult to destroy a machine with it -)
• Advanced built-in GUI/Graphics features
• Weaknesses of Java
• Slow interpreted and OO
• GUI/Graphics via Least Common Denominator
  approach (due to platform independence)
• Awkward/annoying syntax obscures some concepts
  and principles

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Javas Popularity

• Keys to Javas Popularity
• An OO language thats relatively simple.
• Virtual Machine approach, allowing
  transportability to various different kinds of
  computers (operating systems).
• Presence of JVM as part of Web browsers,
  encouraging movement of Java programs over the
  Web.

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What is Java?
"A simple, object-oriented, distributed,
interpreted, robust, secure, architecture
neutral, portable, high-performance,
multithreaded, and dynamic language -- Sun
Sounds like marketing lets take a closer look .
. .
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object oriented

• Java is an object oriented (or OO) language.
• It is possible (but seldom desirable) to write
  non-object oriented Java code (so-called hybrid
  OO).
• In an OO language, classes are used to
  encapsulate data (state) and behavior.

• Instances of a class are then used to manipulate
  data and drive the program.
• Classes are arranged in an hierarchy, or package
  structure.

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object oriented,
Example A Stack is a class found in the
package java.util. We create an instance of the
class Stack using the keyword new thus import
java.util. Stack c new Stack() c.push(3)
java.util.Stack x new Stack()
This differs from procedural (e.g., C, Pascal)
and functional languages (e.g., Lisp) where other
data structures would be used to model the Stack.
More on classes in later slides . . .
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distributed,
Java is also a distributed language. It was
built with networking in mind Fully supports
IPv4, with structures to support IPv6--protocols
used on the internet. Includes support for
Applets small programs embedded in HTML
documents. See java.net package
RMI/CORBA
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interpreted,
Java is an interpreted language, meaning that
each instruction is translated into machine code
at the time of execution, not during
compilation. This allows for platform
neutrality WORA, or write once run
anywhere. This also allows one to rewrite
and change a program while it is
running. Penalty speed
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robust,
Java is simple--no pointers/stack concerns (for
the most part) In-bound checking at runtime of
array pointers--no memory corruption and cryptic
error messages. Exception handling
try/catch /finally series allows for simplified
error recovery Strongly typed language many
errors caught during compilation.
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secure,
Bytecode verification on loading (not just
compilation). Applet code runs in 'sandbox',
with significant restrictions Security is
enforced by the SecurityManager class
Work-arounds for applet security restrictions
include digitally signing code, and Servlets
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Structure of Java Programs

• Applications (normal computer programs)
• Create one or more Java source files
• Compile each source file into a class file
• Thus an application will consist of a bunch of
  these class files. Not a single executable i.e.
  .exe
• Send one class file to the Java system
• It must have a method (module) called main
• public static void main(String argv)
• ( Get used to weird looking
  stuff! )
• The main method controls program flow (but the OO
  orientation means that it starts a process that
  features decentralized control).

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Sample Application (in a file called
HelloWorld.java)

• public class HelloWorld
• public static void main(String argv)
• System.out.println(Hello World!)

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Java File Names
Source code files must have the ".java"
extension. The file name should match the class
name. This naming convention is enforced by most
reasonable compilers. Thus, an improperly named
java file, saved as "myTest.java"
class test ... Compiled bytecode has the
".class" extension.
Incorrect
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Java File Names
Source code files must have the ".java"
extension. The file name should match the class
name. This naming convention is enforced by most
reasonable compilers. Thus, a properly named
java file, saved as "Test.java"
class Test ... Compiled bytecode has the
".class" extension.
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Big Picture Time
HelloWorld.java
HelloWorld.class
0xCAFEBABE ...
javac
public class HelloWorld public static void
main(String argv) System.out.println
(Hello World!)
java HelloWorld
javac HelloWorld.java
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Java File Structure
Java Files 1. Consist of the optional package
statement, 2. followed by any necessary
import statements 3. followed by the class
name, 4. followed by any inheritance and
interface declarations. 5. Note if the file
defines more than one class or interface, only
one can be declared public, and the source file
name must match the public class name.
For cs1322, you will only follow points 2 - 4
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An Average Java File
Thus package edu.gatech.cc.dagon.gsams-java
import java.util. import edu.gatech.cc.dagon.gs
ams-java.hashtable. import netscape.javascript.J
SObject import netscape.javascript.JSException
public class SplayTree implements TreeType,
TreeConstants ... //
SplayTree Note the globally unique package
name. Without a package specification, the
code becomes part of an unnamed default package
in the current directory.
For CS1322, youll need only work with class
names, a few import statements, and some
inheritance
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Vocabulary

• Structured Programming
• A programming paradigm in which the actions (or
  verbs, or procedures) are emphasized.
• OO Programming
• A programming paradigm in which the actors (or
  nouns, or objects) and their interaction is
  emphasized.
• Byte Compiler
• A compiler which translates human-readable source
  code into bytecode (transportable to various
  virtual machines) instead of object code written
  for a specific kind of machine.

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Vocabulary (contd)

• Byte Interpreter
• An interpreter which translates byte code into
  object code for a particular kind of machine and
  executes them on that machine.
• Bytecode
• An instruction for a virtual machine.
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• The virtual machine (software) for which all Java
  programs are compiled. A byte code interpreter
  is required to translate from the JVM byte code
  instructions into to instructions for a given
  actual machine.

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Java Portability
Demo.java
javac Demo.java
Demo.class
java Demo
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Built-in Data Types

• Pseudocode (4 atomic data types String)
• Num (number)
• Char (character)
• Boolean
• Ptr (pointer)
• String

• Java (6 important primitives String)
• int (integer)
• long (long integer, 2x bits)
• float (real number)
• double (real number, 2x bits)
• char (character, use single quotes b)
• boolean
• String (Java is case sensitive, so capitalize
  first letter here String, not string use double
  quotes a string)

Note A String is NOT a primitive
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Built-in Data Types

• Scheme
• Typical typeless Lisp-like language

• Java (6 important primitives String)
• int (integer)
• long (long integer, 2x bits)
• float (real number)
• double (real number, 2x bits)
• char (character, use single quotes b)
• boolean
• String (Java is case sensitive, so capitalize
  first letter here String, not string use double
  quotes a string)

Note A String is NOT a primitive
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List of Data Types
Primitive Type Default Value boolean
false char
'\u0000' (null) byte (byte) 0 short
(short) 0 int
0 long
0L float 0f double
0d void
N/A
Note At times, the Java Language Specification
refers to void as a primitive, though other parts
(e.g., s. 14.7) say void is not a primitive as
in C/C. One cannot cast to a void type in Java.
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Variable Declarations

• CS1501/CS1311
• ltidentifiergt isoftype ltdata typegt
• Java
• ltdatatypegt ltidentifiergt
• or (optional initialization at declaration)
• ltdata typegt ltidentifiergt ltinit valuegt

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Examples

• int counter
• int numStudents 583
• float gpa
• double batAvg .406
• char gender
• char gender f
• boolean isSafe
• boolean isEmpty true
• String personName
• String streetName North Avenue

60
Questions?
61
Assignment

• Java allows multiple assignment.
• int iStart, iEnd
• int iWidth 100, iHeight 45, iLength 12
• This tends to complicate javadoc comments,
  however
• /
• Declare cylinders diameter and height
• /
• int iDiameter 50, iHeight 34

Javadoc comment gets repeated twice in
output, once above each listed variable!
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Examples

• Note that whole integers appearing in your source
  code are taken to be ints. So, you might wish
  to flag them when assigning to non-ints
• float fMaxGrade 100f // now holds 100.0
• double dTemp 583d // holds double precision
  583
• float fTemp 5.5 // ERROR!
• // Java thinks 5.5
  is a double
• Upper and lower case letters can be used for
  float (F or f), double (D or d), and long
  (l or L, but we should prefer L)
• float fMaxGrade 100F // now holds 100.0
• long x 583l // holds 583, but looks
  like 5,381
• long y 583L // Ah, much better!

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Primitive Casting

• Conversion of primitives is accomplished by (1)
  assignment with implicit casting or (2) explicit
  casting
• int iTotal 100
• float fTemp iTotal // fTemp now
  holds 100.0
• When changing type results in a loss of
  precision, an explicit cast is needed. This is
  done by placing the new type in parens
• float fTotal 100f
• int iTemp fTotal // ERROR!
• int iStart (int) fTotal
• We will see much, much more casting with
  objects (later) . . .

64
Casting Test Your Knowledge

• Given
• int iStart 10
• float fTemp 5.5
• fTemp fTemp (float)iStart
• What does iStart now hold?

Trick question
Remember Everythings a number at some level
65
Operators

• Assignment
• Arithmetic , -, , /, (mod), and others
• int iNumLect 2
• int iNumStudents 583
• int iStudentsPerLect
• iStudentsPerLect iNumStudents / iNumLect
• // gives 291 due to integer division
• int iNumQualPoints 30
• int iNumCreditHours 8
• float fGPA
• fGPA iNumQualPoints / iNumCreditHours
• // gives 3.0 due to integer division
• iVar iVar fVar // gives compile-time error

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Test Your Knowledge
SOLUTION VARIETY PACK

• Heres the problem
• int iVar 10
• float fVar 23.26f
• // gives compile-time error
• iVar iVar fVar
• Which solution works best?

3
230
4
1
232
232
2
Lesson write code thats easily understood.
Same Compile Error
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Shorthand Operators

• iCounter iCounter 1 //OR iCounter
• iCounter iCounter - 1 //OR iCounter--
• iCounter iCounter 2 //OR iCounter2
• iCounter iCounter 5 //OR iCounter5Last
  two examples its op then equals (e.g.,
  2), not equals then op (e.g., isnt 2)
• We will see examples with recursion where the
  shorthand operator potentially causes a problem.

68
Documentation Comments

• Three ways to do it
• // Double slashes comment out everything until
  the end of the line
• / This syntax comments out everything between
  the / and the /.
• (There are no nested comments as in C. /
• /
• This is syntax for Javadoc comments (similar
  to second style
• of commenting, but allows for HTML formatting
  features.
• /
• For CS1322, use Javadoc comments

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Some Comments on Comments
1. C-style comments with / / no nesting 2.
C style comments beginning // 3. A unique
"doc comment" starting with / .../ Fun with
comments // / // /
/////////////////// / /
Lesson Comments should be helpful dont worry
about compiler tricks with syntax.
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Commenting Factoids

• Watch for comments that open, but never close
• int x, y /
• Here, we declare the
• the point coordinates.
• // int z /

Lesson Java encourages clear code through the
type of operators and comments it allows!
A syntax highlighting editor is your friend!
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Javadoc
/ ltPREgt Get the name. Returns the
name at a specified array location. lt/PREgt
_at_param i the index of the array to be
retrieved. _at_return strName the name _at_see
EmployeesisEmployed() called to verify
employment / public String getName (int
i) if (myEmpl.isEmployed()) return
myArrayi else return "Nada" //
getName(int)
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Javadoc (Contd)

• You may include HTML tags (but avoid structuring
  tags, like ltH1gt, etc.)
• Javadoc comments should immediately precede the
  declaration of the class, field or method. The
  first sentence should be a summary. Use the
  special javadoc tags--_at_. When '_at_' tags are used,
  the parsing continues until the doc compiler
  encounters the next '_at_' tag.

_at_see ltclass namegt _at_see ltfull-class namegt
_at_seeltfull-class namemethod.namegt _at_v
ersion
_at_author _at_param _at_return
_at_exception
_at_deprecated // jdk 1.1
_at_since
// jdk 1.1 _at_serial // jdk 1.2
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Design/Documentation

• Java comes with an excellent documentation tool
  called Javadoc
• Usage of the Javadoc system requires following
  several steps
• First special Javadoc block comments are added to
  source files.
• Javadoc block comments start with / and end
  with / thus they function like regular comments
• Each class, field and method should be commented
  with a Javadoc comment just before the actual
  item.

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Javadoc

• The comment should start with a short descriptive
  phrase followed by a period .
• Then a longer description of the purpose of the
  item may be added.
• HTML may be embedded
• Special tags can be used such as
• _at_author
• _at_revision
• _at_parameter
• _at_return

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Javadoc

• Once commenting is complete the Javadoc program
  is run from the OS prompt.
• If for example a group of class files for a given
  project are located in the same directory then
  Javadoc may be run by typing
• javadoc .java
• When the program runs it will report any problems
  and will produce a series of HTML files
  documenting all classes, methods and fields.
• A Javadoc template is on the next slide followed
  by a sample

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Javadoc Template

• / Descriptive phrase. Longer statement of
  purpose.
• _at_param p1 A description of this parameter
• _at_param p2 A description of this parameter
• _at_ return A description of the return value
• /
• public int someMethod(double p1, String p2)
• return 0

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Results
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Constants

• CS1
• ltCONST_IDgt is ltconstant valuegt
• MIN_PASSING is 60
• PI is 3.14159
• Java
• public final static lttypegt ltIDergt ltvaluegt
• public final static int iMIN_PASSING 60
• public final static float fPI (float) 3.14159
• Details on why this syntax to come soon...

79
Printing to Screen

• CS1
• print (ltargumentsgt)
• (display ltargumentgt)
• Java
• System.out.println(ltargumentgt)
• System.out.println( ) // prints blank line
• System.out.println(5) // prints 5
• System.out.println(Hello World) // prints
  Hello World
• println vs. print in Java
• println includes carriage return at end, next
  print or println on new line
• print causes next print or println to begin at
  next location on same line

80
Printing (contd)

• When starting Java, there are at least three
  streams created for you
• System.in // for getting input
• System.out // for output
• System.err // for bad news output
• These are InputStream and PrintStream objects
• Note For Win95/NT System.out is "almost"
  identical to System.err they both display to the
  screen (the one exception is when using DOS
  redirect, gt, where System.out is redirected,
  while System.err is still put to the screen.)

81
Printing (contd)
System.out.println ("This line is printed
out") System.err.println ("This is the error
stream's output") These are both instances of
the PrintStream class. There are other methods
you might find useful in these classes
System.out.flush() System.out.write(int)
Dont use in 1322 (needed for autograder)
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Summary

• Java Basics Summary
• Java Programs
• JVM, applications applets
• Entry point is main() or init()
• Java Primitives and Operators
• Primitive data types vs. CS1 types
• Operators straightforward except for and
• Your new best friend
• System.out.println( )

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Questions
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(No Transcript)