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Radio Frequency Identification RFID Technologies

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Title: Radio Frequency Identification RFID Technologies


1
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technologies
  • Dale R. Thompson, Ph.D., P.E.
  • Associate Professor
  • Computer Science and Computer Engineering Dept.
  • University of Arkansas

2
Related Activities
  • Member of GS1 EPCglobal Hardware Action Group
    Product Data Protection ad hoc Committee (Dec.
    2006 present)
  • Affiliated with University of Arkansas RFID
    Research Center (http//itri.uark.edu/rfid/)
    (Feb. 2005 present)
  • Lightweight Authentication for RFID (Aug. 2006
    present)
  • Categorizing RFID Privacy Threats with STRIDE
    (July 2006)
  • Taught RFID Communications class (May June
    2006)
  • RFID Security Threat Model (Mar. 2006)
  • Brute Force Attack of EPCglobal UHF Class-1
    Generation-2 RFID Tag (Jan. May 2006)
  • Attack Graphs for EPCglobal RFID (Jan. May
    2006)
  • MIXNET Using Universal Re-encryption for Radio
    Frequency Identification (RFID) (Aug. 2005 Dec.
    2006)
  • RFID Technical Tutorial and Threat Modeling
    Project (Jun. Dec. 2005)

3
University of Arkansas RFID Research Center
  • Fully student staffed with 24 industry members,
    which recently became the first open laboratory
    to be accredited by EPCglobal Inc.

4
What is RFID?
  • Stands for Radio Frequency Identification
  • Uses radio waves for identification
  • New frontier in the field of information
    technology
  • One form of Automatic Identification
  • Provides unique identification or serial number
    of an object (pallets, cases, items, animals,
    humans)

5
Applications
  • Mobil Speedpass systems
  • Automobile Immobilizer systems
  • Fast-lane and E-Zpass road toll system
  • Passports
  • Animal Identification
  • Humans
  • Supply chain management

6
RFID system
7
RFID reader
  • Also known an interrogator
  • Reader powers passive tags with RF energy
  • Can be handheld or stationary
  • Consists of
  • Transceiver
  • Antenna
  • Microprocessor
  • Network interface

Antenna
Reader
8
RFID tags
  • Tag is a device used to transmit information such
    as a serial number to the reader in a contact
    less manner
  • Classified as
  • Passive energy from reader
  • Active - battery
  • Semi-passive battery and energy from reader

9
UHF passive tag
10
Printers
11
Applications, frequencies, and standards
12
Animal Identification Standards
  • Pets such as dogs and cats
  • Livestock such as cattle, pigs, etc.
  • International standard 134.2 kHz
  • ISO 11784 Radio-frequency identification of
    animals code structure
  • ISO 11785 Radio-frequency identification of
    animals Technical concept
  • ISO 14223 Radio-frequency identification of
    animals Advanced transponders
  • U.S. standard 125 kHz
  • At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud,
    blood, and water

13
VeriChip
  • Human implantable RFID tag operating at about 134
    KHz because at these frequencies the RF can
    penetrate mud, blood, and water
  • About the size of uncooked grain of rice
  • Oct. 22, 2002 US Food and Drug Administration
    ruled VeriChip not regulated device
  • Oct. 2004 FDA ruled serial number in VeriChip
    could be linked to healthcare information
  • Healthcare applications
  • Implanted medical device identification
  • Emergency access to patient-supplied health
    information
  • Portable medical records access including
    insurance information
  • In-hospital patient identification
  • Medical facility connectivity via patient
  • Disease/treatment management of at-risk
    populations (such as vaccination history)

14
Contactless Smart Cards Standards
  • ISO 7618 - A set of international standards
    covering the basic characteristics of contactless
    smart cards, such as physical and electrical
    characteristics, communication protocols and
    others.
  • Proximity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz)
  • Range 4 inches (10 centimeter)
  • Baud rate 106 kilobaud
  • ISO/IEC 14443
  • Vicinity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz)
  • Range 3 feet (1 meter)
  • Baud rate 26.48 kilobaud
  • ISO/IEC 15693

15
Supply Chain Management
  • RFID adds visibility as the items flow through
    the supply chain from the manufacturer, shippers,
    distributors, and retailers.
  • The added visibility can identify bottlenecks and
    save money.
  • Wal-Mart requested in June 2003 that their top
    100 suppliers use RFID at the pallet and case
    level by January 2005.
  • Wal-Mart currently has 300 suppliers sending
    products to 500 RFID-enabled Wal-Mart and Sam's
    Club stores.
  • Wal-Mart wants 1,000 stores with RFID by January
    2007.
  • Source http//www.extremerfid.com/article/WalMar
    tForgesAheadwithRFID/172888_1.aspx

16
Electronic Product Code (EPC) 96-bit Version
  • Every product has unique identifier
  • 96 bits can uniquely label all products for the
    next 1,000 years
  • 296 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336

17
EPCglobal, Inc.
  • Not-for-profit organization developing
    commercial, world-wide RFID standards
  • Joint venture between EAN International and the
    Uniform Code Council (UCC).
  • UCC standardized Universal Product Code (UPC)
    barcodes in US
  • EAN standardized barcodes in Europe
  • UCC and EAN combined to form GS1
  • http//www.epcglobalinc.org/
  • UHF Class-1 Generation-2 (Class-1 Gen-2 or
    commonly known as Gen-2)
  • ISO 18000-6C standard

18
EPC vs. UPC (Barcodes)
  • Both are forms of Automatic identification
    technologies
  • Universal Product Code (UPC) require line of
    sight and manual scanning whereas EPC do not
  • UPC require optical reader to read whereas EPC
    reader reads via radio waves
  • EPC tags possess a memory and can be written
    while UPC do not
  • EPC tags cost 5 cents, UPC tags cost 1/10 cent

19
EPCglobal Inc. UHF Specification History
  • EPCglobal UHF Class-0
  • EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Generation-1
  • EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Gen-2 (Gen-2)
  • ISO 18000-6C standard
  • Item management standard
  • Retail standard

20
Trivia on Passive UHF RFID
  • How far can a reader read a tag?
  • Less than 20 feet using legal equipment
  • What causes interference at these frequencies?
  • Metal reflects the energy and can shield
  • Water absorbs the energy. Microwaves operate at
    2.4 GHz because water absorbs energy at these
    frequencies. Passive UHF operates around 900 MHz,
    which is close enough.

21
Maximum Distances to Read UHF Passive Tag
Reality Today, in the lab 8 to 12 feet.
22
Electronic Passports
  • Dept. of State begins issuing e-passports Aug.
    14, 2006
  • Contactless chip in rear cover
  • ISO 14443
  • Name, date of birth, gender, place of birth,
    dates of passport issuance and expiration,
    passport number, digital image of the bearers
    photograph stored electronically
  • Digital photograph is used as biometric
    identifier
  • Anti-skimming material in cover to prevent
    unauthorized reading when it is closed
  • Eavesdropping prevented by reading machine
    readable key inside passport to unlock chip
  • Randomized unique identification (RUID) to
    prevent tracking
  • Information signed with a digital signature
  • New industry for wallet makers creating Faraday
    cages for passports

23
Passport Solution!
24
Certified Passport Solution
25
RFDump
  • Open source software tool for RFID ISO-15693 and
    ISO-14443 readers (13.56 MHz)
  • Read/write data on RFID tags
  • Integrated cookie feature
  • Add cookie to tag and automatically increment
    counter when tag is in range of reader
  • Track number of times shopper enters reader field
    or picks up item
  • www.rf-dump.org

26
RFID-related publications
  • M. Byers, A. Lofton, A. K. Vangari-Balraj, and D.
    R. Thompson, Brute force attack of EPCglobal UHF
    class-1 generation-2 RFID tag, in Proc. IEEE
    Region 5 Technical Conf., Fayetteville, Arkansas,
    April 20-21, 2007, to appear.
  • S. C. G. Periaswamy, S. Bharath, M. Chagarlamudi,
    S. Estes, D. R. Thompson, Attack graphs for
    EPCglobal RFID, in Proc. IEEE Region 5 Technical
    Conf., Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 20-21, 2007,
    to appear.
  • J. Uudmae, H. Sunkara, D. R. Thompson, S. Bruce,
    and J. Penumarthi, MIXNET for radio frequency
    identification, in Proc. IEEE Region 5 Technical
    Conf., Fayetteville, Arkansas, April 20-21, 2007,
    to appear.
  • D. R. Thompson, J. Di, H. Sunkara, and C.
    Thompson, Categorizing RFID privacy threats with
    STRIDE, in Proc. ACM Symposium on Usable Privacy
    and Security (SOUPS), Carnegie Mellon University,
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 12-14, 2006.
  • D. R. Thompson, RFID technical tutorial, The
    Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, vol.
    21, no. 5, pp. 8-9, May, 2006.
  • D. R. Thompson, N. Chaudhry, and C. W. Thompson,
    RFID security threat model, in Proc. Acxiom
    Laboratory for Applied Research (ALAR) Conf. on
    Applied Research in Information Technology,
    Conway, Arkansas, Mar. 3, 2006.
  • N. Chaudhry, D. R. Thompson, and C. Thompson,
    RFID Technical Tutorial and Threat Modeling, ver.
    1.0, tech. report, Dept. of Computer Science and
    Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas,
    Fayetteville, Arkansas, Dec. 8, 2005. Available
    http//csce.uark.edu/drt/rfid

27
Contact Information
  • Dale R. Thompson, Ph.D., P.E.
  • Associate Professor
  • Computer Science and Computer Engineering Dept.
  • University of Arkansas
  • 311 Engineering Hall
  • Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
  • Phone 1 (479) 575-5090
  • FAX 1 (479) 575-5339
  • E-mail d.r.thompson_at_ieee.org
  • WWW http//csce.uark.edu/drt/
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