www'soulcare'orgSid Galloway

1
The Biology of Creation Studying Gods World
(Science) in the Light of Gods Word
(Scripture)Mr. Galloway
Chapter Six Photosynthesis 6.1 Light Cycle6.2
Dark Cycle
2
Animations

• http//www.abdn.ac.uk/clt011/flash/samples/photos
  yn.swf
• Interactive Animation of Photosynthesis
• http//www.web.virginia.edu/gg_demo/movies/figure1
  8_12b.html
• Excellent interactive
• http//www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosyn
  thesis.swf
• http//www.cst.cmich.edu/users/baile1re/bio101fall
  /enzphoto/photoanima.htm
• http//science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm

3
(Lab) Chloroplasts in Elodea
4
LAB Review Animation

• Elodea Plasmolysis Experiment
• http//ccollege.hccs.cc.tx.us/instru/Biology/AllSt
  udyPages/Diffusion_Osmosis/Elodeagif.swf
• http//www.hccs.edu/nmc/

5
Spiritual Analogy Application

• Elodeas common name is Anacharis meaning
  increased GRACE / GIFT (charis) in Greek.  Just
  as our Creator God gave plants to continually
  provide life-giving air (oxygen) to His nephesh
  (thinking / feeling) creatures, God has also
  given us the Holy Spirit as the source of new,
  eternal life through the second birth spiritually
  when a person is born-again.  By the way, the
  New Testament Greek word for spirit is pneuma,
  which means air or wind.  Therefore, without the
  new, spiritual, second birth, no person can have
  eternal life.  Jesus said the choice is yours
  (John 3).  The Good News (Gospel) is that Jesus
  did all the work necessary for us, through His
  sinless life, sacrificial death, and
  resurrection.  None of our tainted good works
  are of any value to earn or buy eternal life.

6
Photosynthesis process by which a cell captures
the energy in sunlight and uses it to make food.
Plants, algae, and some bacteria use this
process. Like a Solar Powered Calculator with
light capturing cells
7
Mans Simple Solar Cell
8
Solar Cell
9
Gods Super Solar Panel
10
Tech. Research News 2004

• Plants and photosynthetic bacteria contain
  molecules that convert photons to energy very
  efficiently. The trick to harnessing these
  molecules for solar cells is marrying these
  relatively delicate molecules with electronics.
  Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute
  of Technology, the U.S. Naval Research
  Laboratory, and the University of Tennessee have
  mixed biology and electronics in solar cells that
  use photosynthetic spinach leaf molecules or
  photosynthetic bacteria to convert light to
  electricity. When light shines on the spinach
  leaf molecules and photosynthetic bacteria they
  produce an electrical current that is captured by
  electrical contacts.
• http//www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/082504/Photosyn
  thesis_drives_solar_cell_Brief_082504.html

11
Water
Sun Light
Carbon Dioxide
Photosynthesis
Sugar
Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
Energy - ATP
12
(No Transcript)
13
Gods Super Solar Cell
14
ATP Molecule
15
Consumption of ADP (1 blue plus 2 red phosphates)
and a phosphate (1 red) to produce ATP (1 bue and
3 reds). This synthesis is driven by the
proton-motive force which is depicted as white
spheres leaving through the ATP-synthase.
16
ATP Synthase Motor
17
ATP Factor Motor
18
http//www.sigmaaldrich.com/B2B/Area_of_Interest/B
iochemicals/Enzyme_Explorer/Key_Resources/Metaboli
c_Pathways/ATP_Synthase.html
19
Autotrophs make their own food, and most use
photosynthesis to do it. Plants are the most
common, but algae and some bacteria use it.
All life depends on autotrophs (directly or
indirectly) for food. Nearly all living things
obtain energy either directly (like plants) or
indirectly (like heterotrophs that eat plants)
from the suns energy captured during
photosynthesis.
20
Photosynthesis (Simply Summarized) Leaves of
plants have chloroplasts that are filled with
chlorophyll, which capture the energy from the
sunlight). Water enters through the roots.
CO2 enters through stomata openings on the
underside of the leaves. Water and CO2 move to
the chloroplasts. Chemical reactions there,
produce (O2) and sugars like glucose (C6H12O6).
Cells then use the energy in the sugars
(carbohydrates) to function.
21
Photosynthesis Equation CO2 H2O light
energy ? Sugar (glucose) O2 More
Detailed (Balanced) Equation Using Light
Energy carbon dioxide water yields glucose
oxygen 6CO2 6H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2
22
Biochemical Pathway Series of linked chemical
reactions, in which the product of one reaction
is consumed (used as the reactant) in the next
reaction. The two stages of photosynthesis
involve biochemical pathways. Also, the final
products of plant photosynthesis (sugar and
oxygen) are used by animals for another process
called cellular respiration. The products of
respiration are carbon dioxide and water, which
plants need for photosynthesis, so both processes
create a balance in the atmosphere.
23
The Photosynthesis Reactions
1. Light Reactions are the first set of
reactions in photosynthesis. Background
information about light Sunlight appears white,
but really many colors. Visible Spectrum the
light waves we can see. Wavelength distance
between wave crests (Different wavelengths
reflected as different colors.) (Objects absorb
and reflect certain waves.)
24
(No Transcript)
25
Light is absorbed in the membranes of
thylakoids founds in chloroplasts. - Grana
stacks of flat thylakoids.- Stroma the
solution surrounding the thylakoids.-
Chlorophylls pigments, which absorb violet,
blue, red, yet reflect green. - Pigment a
compound that absorbs light waves. (Chlorophyll
a is directly involved in light reactions. -
Accessory Pigments indirectly assist other
pigments. ( Chlorophyll b is an accessory
pigment assisting a.) Carotenoids are other
accessory pigments (yellow, orange, brown,
etc.) (They absorb blue and green light.) (In
the fall, plant leaves turn color because they
lose chlorophylls, which reflect green light.)
26
The Light Reaction in the Thylakoid Membrane
27
Electron Transport System of the light
reactions. Photosystem cluster of pigment
molecules grouped in the thylakoid membrane. Two
types Photosystem II Actually begins the
process Photosystem I Called 1 is believed
to have evolved first. Accessory pigment
molecules start the light reactions by absorbing
light energy. (It is passed to other pigment
molecules until it reaches chlorophyll a
molecules.) Then a FIVE STEP process occurs . .
. . . . . .
28
FIVE STEPS of the Electron Transport System

• Light excites electrons in the chlorophyll a
  molecules of photosystem II. (Oxidation reaction,
  since it loses an electron.)
• These electrons move to and are accepted by a
  primary electron acceptor. (This is a reduction
  reaction.)
• The electrons are then transferred along a series
  of molecules called an electron transport chain.
• Light excites electrons in chlorophyll a
  molecules of photosystem I.
• Electrons from Photosystem I are transferred
  along a second chain. (The chain ends as they
  combine with organic NADP and H making NADPH.)

29
Restoring Photosystem II Electrons by splitting
Water Molecules Enzyme splits water to
protons, electrons, oxygen 2H2O ? 4H
4e- O2 So oxygen is a by-product of light
reactions, and not used in the rest of
photosynthesis. (The oxygen is used by other
organisms for cellular respiration.)
30
Chemiosmosis a process in light reactions that
synthesizes (makes) ATP. Protons produced from
the water splitting build up inside the
thylakoid, and they then move down their gradient
to the outside. ATP Synthase is a
multifunctional protein serving as an enzyme and
carrier protein.It uses the energy of the moving
protons to add a phosphate group to ADP and make
ATP (A primary chemical energy storage molecule
for energy currency in the cell.) ATP and the
NADPH provide energy for the second set of
photosynthesis reactions, called the Calvin
Cycle.
31
The Light Reaction in the Thylakoid Membrane
Primary electron acceptor
Primary electron acceptor
Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
Electron Transport Chain
Animation here http//www.stolaf.edu/people/giann
ini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
32
2. The Calvin Cycle second set of reactions
(pathway), producing organic compounds from the
stored energy of ATP and NADPH. Occurs in the
stroma of the chloroplast. Carbon Fixation C
atoms from CO2 are bonded (fixed) into organic
compounds.(amino acids, lipids, and
carbohydrates like glucose, fructose) (Note
These compounds are not directly produced by
photosynthesis.)
33
Three Steps of the Calvin Cycle a. CO2 combines
with RuBP to form two molecules of PGA.b. Each
molecule of PGA is converted into a molecule of
PGAL.c. Most of the PGAL is converted back
into RuBP, but some PGAL can be used later to
make different organic compounds. RuBP
five-carbon carbohydrate. PGA and PGAL are
both three-carbon molecule C3 Plants (produce
the 3-Carbon PGA), and use only the Calvin
Cycle for carbon fixation.
34
The Two Processes Visualized
35
Alternative Pathways First, remember that C3
Plants are those that only use the Calvin Cycle
to fix carbon. - They are called C3 plants, since
they fix CO2 into a compound with 3 carbons
(PGAL). Others in hot, dry climates
supplement the Calvin cycle with alternatives (C4
or CAM), because their stomata openings in the
leaves must close to preserve moisture, so the
amount of CO2 they absorb is reduced.
36
C4 Pathway use an enzyme which fixes CO2 into
compounds with 4 carbons, which are then
transported to other cells where CO2 is available
to then use the Calvin Cycle.(corn, sugar cane,
are examples) CAM Pathway These plants open
the stomata only at night to reduce water
loss.They take in and fix it into compounds,
which then release it during the day for use in
the Calvin Cycle.(cactuses, pineapples, etc.)
37
Rate of Photosynthesis Increases as either
light intensity or CO2 increase, but eventually
plateaus at a maximum. Increases as the
temperature increases, up to a certain
temperature.(Beyond a certain high temperature,
the rate of photosynthesis decreases.)    
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
Rate due to Light
41
Rate due to Light
42
(No Transcript)
43
Calvin Cycle
44
Calvin Cycle
45
Calvin Cycle
46
Cellular Respiration