Ropes%20

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Ropes Knots

• Ropes Knots

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Objectives

• All objectives meet NFPA 1001
• After completing this lesson, you will be able to
  identify and properly knot, use, and maintain
  various types of rope.

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Rope Terminology

• Strand
• Yarns
• Fibers
• Sheath (Jacket, mantle)
• Core (Kern)

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Rope Materials

• Two basic categories
• Natural Fibers
• Synthetic Fibers

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Natural Fibers

• No longer accepted in life safety applications
• Utility Purposes Only

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• Manila - made from the trunk of the Abaca plant
  found in Manila
• Sisal - ¾ the tensile strength of Manila. Used as
  binders twine
• Cotton - soft and pliable. Strength much less
  than Manila

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Disadvantages

• Short noncontinuous strands poor tensile
  strength. Decays easily
• Deteriorates quickly
• Water - loses half its tensile strength when wet
• Humidity - loses half strength in one year

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• Abrasion and Chemicals - Severely affected when
  exposed to these hazards
• Charing - Chars at 190C (380ºF) and loses
  strength at 82ºC (180ºF)

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Advantages

• Inexpensive
• Biodegradable

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Sealing

• Searing rope ends
• Bind with twine and dip in varnish or white glue

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Synthetic Fibers

• Used for rescue
• Resists mildew/rotting
• Stronger and easily maintained
• Continuous fibers that run entire length of rope

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Nylon

• One of the best and strongest materials
• Has high resistance to abrasion
• High tensile strength. 3½ times stronger than
  Manila
• Resists moisture and most chemicals maintains 80

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• Melting point of 204º - 260ºC (400º - 500ºF)
• Not suitable for vehicle stabilization as the
  rope stretches under load

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Polypropylene

• Very lightweight
• Floats and resists water damage
• Resists rotting, mildew, and abrasion
• Affected by heat.Loses strength at 93ºC and melt
  at 140º
• Difficult to secure into good knots

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Polyester

• Not subject to water, sunlight, and most chemical
  damage
• Loses strength at 149ºC and begins to melt at
  232ºC

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Kevlar Aramid Fiber

• Resists temperatures of 260ºC
• Easily damaged by abrasion
• Hard to tie knots with

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Rope Construction

• Laid (Twisted)
• Twisted yarns form strands
• Three stands twisted form rope
• Used for natural and synthetic ropes
• Easily inspected

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• Braided Rope
• Reduces or eliminates twisting
• Has no outer sheath or core
• Subject to direct abrasion and damage

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• Braid-On-Braid Rope
• Often confused with Kernmantel Rope due to having
  a jacket
• Has braided core and sheath
• Sheath has herringbone pattern
• Static type rope and very strong
• Outer sheath may slide along core

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• Kernmantel Rope
• Has braided sheath
• Inner core may be twisted or braided and made of
  high strength fibers
• Comes in both static and dynamic types of rope

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Rope Catagories

• Static Low stretch of 1½ - 2 Used for Rescue
• Dynamic High stretch 8 - 12 Used for climbing
• NFPA 1983 states breaking elongation should not
  be less than 15 and no more than55

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Rope Classifications

• Life Safety - Only used once to support rescuers
  and victims (Except for training). Must be made
  of a continuous filament fiber
• Utility - Used for anything except life safety.

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Elements of a Knot

• Bight - a loop that does not cross over itself
• Loop - a bight that crosses over or under the
  standing part
• Round turn - End of rope continued around top of
  loop until standing lengths are parallel

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• Underhand and Overhand loops
• Working end (forms knot)
• Running end (Used for work i.e. pulling,
  hoisting, and belaying)
• Standing part (Used for work)

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Types of Knots

• Overhand knot
• Bowline
• Clove Hitch
• Figure of Eight

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• Double Figure of Eight
• Figure of Eight on a Bight
• Double Loop Figure of Eight
• Becket or Sheet Bend

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Half Hitch Overhand

• Half Hitch
• Hoisting tools
• Stabalizing tall objects
• Overhand Knot
• Foundation knot for beginning other knots
• Safety knot to secure other knots (especially
  synthetic ropes)

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Bowline

• Used to form a loop that will not constrict
  object
• Easily untied
• Primarily used for utility and life safety (Rope
  rescue harness)
• Inside and outside working ends equally as
  strong. Inside preferred.

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Clove Hitch

• Basically two Half Hitches
• Used to attach a rope to an object
• Used with Overhand Knot for hoisting tools
• Withstands pull in either direction without
  slipping
• MUST NOT BE USED IN LIFE SAFETY APPLICATIONS

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Figure-Eight Knot

• Has replaced the Bowline Due to synthetic rope
• Less likely to damage rope
• Stronger
• Easier to tie, untie, inspect, and keep neat

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Uses of the Figure-Eight

• Figure-Eight - Foundation knot
• Figure-Eight Follow Through - Joins ropes of
  equal size

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Uses of the Figure-Eight cont...

• Figure-Eight on a Bight - Securing loop in middle
  or end of rope (Used for safety lines, safety
  harness, litter and rescue equipment and anchor
  lines)

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Uses of the Figure-Eight cont

• Double-Loop Figure-Eight - Rescue Harness
• Webbing harnesses are recommended for life safety
  applications
• Double-Loop Figure-Eight recommended over Bowline

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Becket Bend/Sheet Bend

• Used for joining unequal diameter ropes or rope
  to chains
• Unlikely to slip when wet
• Utility applications ONLY

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Hoisting

• Before hoisting
• complete all preparations
• Ensure solid footing
• Check for electrical hazards

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Hoisting

• During Hoisting
• Use hand -over-hand method
• protect rope pulled over sharp edges
• Work in teams
• All personnel are clear
• Use a tag line
• Secure with Overhand Safety Knot

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Hoisting

• Hoisting of air cylinders and fire extinguishers
  is NOT RECOMMENDED

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Rope Maintenance

• Identify all ropes
• Inspect periodically and after each use
• Maintain Rope Log
• Test or tag and dispose worn or damaged rope
• Remove and tag used rescue rope

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Removing Rope from Service

• Excessive sheath wear
• Severely shock loaded/overloaded
• Chemically contaminated
• Old
• Lacks uniform diameter/texture
• Used for life safety

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Cleaning and Storage

• Stored by coiling or bagging
• Washed by hand in cool water (No detergents)
  Note Rope Washers and Washing Machines used by
  other Dept.s.
• Rinse and dry

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Drying Rope

• In clothes dryer with no heat
• Air dried on flat surface out of sunlight
• Hung in hose tower