The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

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The Chemical BuildingBlocks of Life

• Lecture 3

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Biochemicals

• These chemicals are known as organic molecules.
• Molecules substances comprised of atoms.
• Organic molecules substances comprised mainly
  of carbon atoms.
• Carbon atoms form the backbone of organic
  molecules.

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Functional Groups

• Various groups of molecules that attach to the
  carbon backbone
• Hydroxyl
• Carboxyl
• Amino
• Phosphate
• Methyl

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Major Classes ofOrganic Molecules

• Functional groups carbon backbone four major
  classes of organic molecules
• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. Lipids
• 3. Proteins
• 4. Nucleic Acids

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1. Carbohydrates

• Molecules that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H)
  and oxygen (O)
• CHO occurs in a ratio of 121
• 3. Glucose is a good example C6H12O6

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Glucose
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Same Formula Different Molecule?

1. Other sugars have the same formula (C6H12O6) as
   glucose.
2. We call these molecules isomers.
3. Examples of isomers are fructose and galactose.

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Sugars Simple Complex

1. Simple sugars (glucose) occur as single molecules
   called monosaccharides.
2. Simple sugar simple sugar disaccharide
3. Long chain of simple sugars polysaccharide

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Disaccharideglucose fructose sucrose
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How do we link organicmolecules together?
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How do we break apartcomplex organic molecules?
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Polysaccharides
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Function of Carbohydrates

1. Store energy C-H bonds
2. Form structures

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2. Lipids

• 1.Lipids (fats) comprised of 2 components
• Glycerol 3 carbon backbone (C-C-C)
• Fatty acids

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Fatty Acids (Two Types)Saturated vs Unsaturated
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Fatty Acids

• All animal fats are saturated.
• Most plant fats are unsaturated.
• Fats serve the following purposes
• A. Energy storage
• B. Cell membrane structure

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3. Proteins

• Proteins are comprised of amino acids.
• AAAAAAAAAAAA
• There are 20 common amino acids.
• All amino acids have the same formula
• R
• H2N C C OH
• H O

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R-Groups
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R-Groups (cont.)
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How do we make proteinsfrom amino acids?
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How do proteins differ?

• Length 100 to 6,000 AA long
• Composition ratio of the 20 AA
• Sequence order of the AA
• GLUHISPRO
• HISPROGLU
• PROGLUHIS

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Roles of Proteins

1. Enzymes
2. Structural
3. Antibodies
4. Transport
5. Cell Recognition
6. Hormones

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Protein Structure

• Primary -- sequence of amino acids (AA)
• Secondary -- interactions between AA
• Beta-pleated sheets
• Alpha helix

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Protein Structure

1. Tertiary folding of the protein
2. Quaternary combining 2 proteins together

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4. Nucleic Acids

• Information storage devices of the cell
• They can replicate themselves.
• They are hereditary molecules.
• There are two types of nucleic acids
• DNA double stranded
• RNA single stranded

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Composition of Nucleic Acids

• 1. Long strands of subunits called nucleotides

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Composition of a Nucleotide

• Nucleotide three components
• 1. Phosphate group

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Composition of a Nucleotide

• Nucleotide three components
• 1. Phosphate group
• 2. A 5-carbon sugar

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5-Carbon Sugar

• Two kinds of sugar
• 1. Deoxyribose -- found in DNA
• 2. Ribose found in RNA

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Composition of a Nucleotide

1. Phosphate radical
2. A 5-carbon sugar
3. A nitrogenous base

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Two Types of Bases

• Purines
• Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
• Double Ringed
• Pyrimidines
• Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
• Single Ringed

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Purines and Pyrimidines
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Base Distribution

• DNA RNA
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine --
• Uracil --

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DNA double stranded

• Base pairs A T C G
• T A C G A C
• A T G C T G

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RNA single stranded

• Uracil substitutes for thymine
• T A C G A C
• A U G C U G

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