Responses to the Industrial City

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Responses to the Industrial City

• Planning, Social Theory Policy

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Industrial City (1870-1920)

• Population Change Multiplier Effect
• Social Change Immigrants Class Issues
• Technological Environmental Change Up Out

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Restructuring the City

• Chicago as Shock
• City
• Multiplier Effect
• Population Growth
• 1840 - 4,470
• 1870 298,977
• 1900 1,698,575
• 1930 3,376,438

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Social Change

• New Immigrants (1880 1920) Eastern European
• Southern European
• Industrial Workers strikes violence

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Labor Conditions

• Depression of 1873
• Haymarket Riot 1886
• Depression of 1893
• Pullman Strike - 1894

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New Land Use Patterns

• Central Business District
• Industrial Districts
• Residential Districts
• Commuter Suburbs
• Industrial Suburbs
• Burgess Concentric Zone Model

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Central Business District

• Skyscrapers
• -- steel frame
• -- elevator
• Department Stores

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• Burnhams Reliance Building

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Mass Market of Housing

• Balloon Frame Construction Workers Cottages

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Mass Market of Housing

• Rise of Real Estate Developer
• Example
• S.E. Gross
• Friend of the
• Working Man

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Commuter Suburbs

• Olmsteds
• Riverside,
• Il.
• 1868-1869

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Industrial Suburb

• Pullman, Illinois
• 1880-1884
• Milwaukee
• South Milwaukee (1890)
• Cudahy (1893)
• West Allis (1902)
• West Milwaukee (1906)

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Private Responses

• Suburbanization Commuter
• Industrial

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Environmental Controls

• Emergence of Zoning Laws/Building
• Codes
• Parks Movement
• City Beautiful Movement

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Emergence of Zoning

• San Francisco/ Modesto, CA 1886
• Los Angeles 1909
• New York 1916

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New Yorks Zoning

• . . . Restrictions on land use are
  constitutional because they enable city
  government to carry out their duties of
  protecting the health, safety, morals and general
  welfare of their citizens.
• Separate land uses into appropriate zones
• Restrict building heights
• Limit lot coverage

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Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co., 1926
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Village of Euclid, Ohio

• Districting of village into residential land
  uses Village lay in path of industrial
  development
• Ambler Realty challenged restrictive zoning
• Supreme Court ruling established jurisdictions
  right Village could set single-family as highest
  and best use

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Urban Parks Movement

• Frederick Law Olmsted
• Calvert Vaux
• Central Park
• (1856-1863)
• Natures cure health benefits, psychological
  relief democratizing force

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City Beautiful (1900-1910)

• Columbian Exposition
• (World Fair of 1893)
• The White City
• Burnham -
• architect
• Olmsted
• landscape architect

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Burnham architect

• White City primary leader of City Beautiful
  Movement
• Make no little
• plans for they have
• no magic to stir mens blood . . .

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City Beautiful
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Movement Goals

• beauty, order, system harmony
• Middle upper-class effort to refashion the city
  into beautiful, functional entities
• Focus on civic improvements parks

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Milwaukees C. Beautiful Legacy

• Alfred Clas Ideas
• RiverWalk
• West Kilbourn Street Improvements (connecting
  public buildings)

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Ebenezer Howards Garden City
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Howards vision

• Lifes experience
• Homesteading,
• Chicago before
• 1871
• Town/Country
• Medieval London

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Impact in Britain

• Letchworth
• 1903
• Welywyn
• 1920

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American Influence

• Design Implications Radburn Plan
• Greenbelt Cities Greendale WI
• New Towns Reston, NY Columbia, Maryland

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LeCorbusier
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Modernist Influence

• Public Housing

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Modernist Influence

• Town Plans
• Brasilia
• Chandigarh

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