Responses to the Great Transformation

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Responses to the Great Transformation

• Chapter 12

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Second Great Awakening

• Follows religious fervor of 18th Century
• Roots in the frontier
• Cane Ridge, KY (1801)
• Revival meetings
• Spread to cities of East
• Emphasis on conversion
• Post-millennial
• Abolionist movement grow out of this

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Response to Slavery

• Slaves
• Passive resistance
• Escape
• Underground railroad
• Slave revolts
• Whites
• Slave codes
• Vigilante committees

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Aversion to Slavery

• American Colonization Society
• Racist?
• William Lloyd Garrison
• The Liberator
• American Anti-slavery Society
• Gag rule
• Angelina Grimke
• Appeal to Christian Women of the South

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Response to Wage Labor

• Disliked changes
• More power in numbers
• Trade Unions
• National Trades Union
• Accomplishments?

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American Culture

• Romanticism
• European based
• Religion influenced
• Transcendentalism
• American literature
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• History George Bancroft
• Experience unique

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Presidential Politics

• Election of 1832 Issues
• King Andrew
• American System
• Anti-masonic Party - William Wirt (MD)
• Democratic-Republicans - Henry Clay
• Southerners - John Floyd - (VA)
• Nullification influence

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Election of 1832

• Results
• Andrew Jackson - 219
• Henry Clay - 49
• William Wirt - 7
• John Floyd - 11
• Jackson opponents form Whig Party

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Texas

• Mostly Anglo settlers (80)
• Issue of Mexican government
• Texians pledge loyalty to constitution of 1824
• Seen as a challenge to Santa Ana
• Texians declares independence Mar 2, 1836 -
  Republic of Texas
• Alamo falls Mar 6, 1836

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Election of 1836

• President Jackson ill
• Vice-president Martin Van Buren runs
• Whig Party takes a different approach
• Regional candidates
• Daniel Webster - MA
• Hugh Lawson White - TN
• W. P. Magnum - SC
• William Henry Harrison - IN

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Results

• Van Buren wins, even more popular votes than
  Jackson
• Van Buren - 170
• Harrison - 73
• White - 26
• Webster - 14
• Magnum - 11

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Economic Problems

• Panic of 1837
• Bank War (Nicholas Biddle)
• Jackson favors hard currency
• Specie Circular -
• Paper money not accepted for land sales

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Panic of 1837

• Van Burens response
• Maintained hard money policy
• Cut federal spending
• National treasury
• Regional banks take only specie
• Bank of US ends Feb 4, 1841
• People displaced and begin to look for better
  life

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Impediments

• Mexico
• Recently won independence from Spain
• Santa Ana
• Great Britain
• Maine border dispute
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
• Oregon Country
• Joint control

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Manifest Destiny

• Historical basis
• Roots of idea
• Second Great Awakening
• Idea named in 1845
• Impact
• Issue in foreign policy/politics

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Election of 1844

• Whigs turn to Henry Clay - passing over Tyler
• Democrat Martin Van Buren is by-passed in favor
  of James Polk (TN)
• Polk favors expansion
• 54, 40 or fight
• Clay sees sectionalism as threat to American
  System

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Results

• Polk - 170
• Clay - 105
• Mandate for expansion
• Texas annexation resolution passes
• Oregon boundary settled in 1846

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Implications of Annexation

• Issue of Mexican relations
• John Slidell
• Troop movements
• Issue of Texas border - Rio Grande or Nueces
• War with Mexico
• May 13, 1846

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Events

• Anglos in California revolt
• Jun 1846 - Bear Flag Republic
• Attacks into Mexico
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
• All of southwest except part of Arizona

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Another Issue

• Wilmot Proviso
• 1846 - no slavery in territories gained from war
• Oppose expansion of slavery or oppose slavery?
• Gradualism or abolition

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Summary

• Second Great Awakening
• Basis for activism
• Divisive politics returns
• Sectionalism has a part
• Economic change and life changing time
• Expanding westward
• The issue comes too