HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN RURAL

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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL

• These slide-shows are all on the Prepwork folder
  if you wish to copy any notes from them
• we will not be stopping in class for you to do
  this.

There are three things that you need to learn
about in this topic-
Farms around the world are designed around
SYSTEMS.
Farms around the world have specific LANDSCAPES.
Farms around the world are experiencing many
CHANGES.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
Farming- like industry- involves SYSTEMS that
is, a group of factors inter-related to each
other. In the case of farming, there are three
factors- INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
INPUTS are of two types- Physical natural
conditions affecting the farms Human- man-made or
man-manipulated conditions. Obviously, all
inputs are strongly inter-related, but you need
to be able to discuss the importance of any one.
Copy the list from the next slide. They are not
the only inputs!
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL INPUTS Climatic factors-
Wind Temperature Precipitation Land
factors- Slopes Altitude Soils Aspect
HUMAN INPUTS Land tenure/ inheritance Transport Ca
pital Market Government influence Farm
size Labour force factors Technology
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
PROCESSES are the different types of work done on
the farm. Different farms all produce a
different range of products, so will be doing a
different variety of processes and maybe at
different times to other farms. Examples of
processes include the list on the next
slide. Discuss these and make sure that you
understand each one well enough to be able to
write about it.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
LIVESTOCK PROCESSES Mating Birthing Rearing/
tending Marketing
ARABLE PROCESSES Ploughing Sowing
Fertilising/tending Harvesting Selling
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
OUTPUTS are the products from the farm- usually
either used by the farmer and his family or sold
as a CASH CROP. The outputs provide the money
for paying bills and providing capital for the
next years inputs. Hopefully, a profit will be
made. Some types of farm do not deal in money or
capital, but provide food and materials for the
family/ group alone. This is called subsistence
farming. Some outputs are on the next slide.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
LIVESTOCK OUTPUTS Milk Eggs Meat Live
animals Other materials Waste products
ARABLE OUTPUTS Cereals Roots Vegetables Fodder Ot
her Waste products
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
The different farming systems have different
weightings for the three factors some find land
is more important, some need more capital, some
give more weight to labour. Some have bigger
outputs than others. The relative importance of
each of these elements can be shown in a diagram,
like the ones on the next slide. See if you can
find out something about the weightings by
analysing these three diagrams. Copy the three
diagrams after discussing them.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
SYSTEMS
Land
labour
output
1
capital
Land
labour
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FACTORS
output
capital
2
labour
output
Land
3
capital
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
TERMINOLOGY
Before we move on to look at the three farming
types we need to know for the exam, we need to be
comfortable with farming terminology. There are
certain ideas behind farming types, and they come
in pairs. You need to know what they mean.
Discuss them using the next slide, and write
definitions of them from the slide after next.
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
TERMINOLOGY
Intensive farming
Extensive farming
Commercial farming
Subsistence farming
arable
pastoralism
Low technology
High technology
shifting
sedentary
advanced
peasant
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
TERMINOLOGY
Subsistence- producing goods for own groups use-
nothing to sell. Commercial-
producing goods only for sale. Shifting- farmers
move between areas of production.-
nomadic. Sedentary- staying in the one place to
farm. Pastoralism- grazing animals. Arable-
growing plants as crops. Peasant- basic,
traditional methods- low technology. Extensive-
large amounts land but low output per
hectare. Intensive- small amounts of land but
high output. Labour intensive. Low technology-
hand labour- no machines or scientific
inputs. High technology- much use of modern
methods and science.
See booklet for longer definitions
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
Farming types where productivity is low tend to
have the following characteristics- learn them!
Labour intensive
internal markets
Small markets
Survival farming
LOW PRODUCTIVITY TYPES
Poly- cultural
Lack of Govt. input
Low technology
Small units
inefficient
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
Farming types where productivity is high tend to
have the following characteristics- learn them!
machine intensive
external markets
large markets
commercial farming
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY TYPES
mono- cultural
Govt. input Eg subsidies
high technology
Large units
efficient
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HIGHER GEOGRAPHY HUMAN - RURAL
Now try questions 1-4 of the rural question
sheet. Answer in fully described and explained
sentences. The details are the things that will
earn you marks, not the vague gist!
END