Quiz Answers

1
Today

• Quiz Answers
• Conclusion of Chemical Plant DefensesPlant
  Poisons
• Cyanogenic glycosides
• Alkaloids
• Saponins Soapy and bitter steroid glycosides
• Cardenolides (cardiac glycosides) and animals
  that use them for their own protection

- Tuesday Chemistry of plant drugs- Thursday
Chemistry of food (from plants) for
ThanksgivingAfter Thanksgiving Plant
Medicines. Fibers and Dyes
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Quiz 5 Answers High 20 Low 6 Average
15.6

• 2) What is typical of molecules that have a
  smell? (Name at least two characteristics.)
• 3) Which of the following molecules would you
  assume to have a color
• (to humans)? Explain also Why/ why not?
• a)
• b)

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• 4) True or false
• ____________ Light is a form of energy.
• ____________ The color of a pigment is the color
  that is absorbed.
• ____________ The color of a pigment is not the
  color that is absorbed.
• ____________ The colors of rocks include minerals
  that contain transition metals.
• ____________ All higher animals have the same
  range of color vision as humans.
• 5) List all that apply underneath each respective
  molecule
• Which of the two pigment molecules below
• 1. have an aromatic ring in their structure?
• 2. have conjugated double bonds?
• 3. are water-soluble?

4

• 2) List all that apply underneath each respective
  molecule
• Which of the two pigment molecules below
• 1. have an aromatic ring in their structure?
• 2. have conjugated double bonds?
• 3. are water-soluble?
• 
  

5

• 4) Which of the following molecules would you
  assume to have a smell (to humans)? Explain also
  why/why not.
• a)
• b)

6

• Conclusion of Chemical Plant Defenses
• Plant Poisons
• Cyanogenic glycosides
• Alkaloids
• Saponins Soapy and bitter steroid glycosides
• Cardenolides (cardiac glycosides)
• - and animals that use them for their own
  protection

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Plant ToxinsCyanogenic Glycosides
Cyanogenic glycosides produce hydrogen cyanide
(HCN)
Catalina Cherry
Smells like almond
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Plant Toxins Alkaloids
N-containing complex organic compounds from
plants

• basic (alkaline)
• in plants found as salts

Coniine (in poison hemlock)
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Alkaloids
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Plant Toxins SaponinsPlants with saponins
produce foaming when mixed with water
Soap plant Chlorogalum
Wild cucumber Marah spp.
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Plant Saponins

• Common in plants and found in almost all groups
  of plants (Agave, Yuccas, Soap plant,
  Lily-of-the-Nile, potatoes, lentils)
• Many have a bitter taste
• Many cause hemolysis of red blood cells
• Some are piscicides, molluscicides

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Plant Saponins

• Chemically they are glycosides of triterpenoids
  (C30) or of steroids

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Saponins

• glycosides of triterpenoids (C30) or steroids

glu-


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Saponins

• glycosides of triterpenoids (C30) or steroids

Hecogenin in Agave species


glu-


A steroid !
chiral carbons!
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Plant Saponins

• Some saponins have been used as plant precursors
  for the synthesis of cortisones and oral
  contraceptives (Dioscorea or Wild Yam)
• (Carl Djerassi, Father of the Pill)

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Cardiac GlycosidesCardenolides

• modify heart action
• found in a large number of plant families, many
  unrelated. There are about 400 known
  cardenolides.
• (Milkweeds, Digitalis, Oleanders, Rhododendrons
  )

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Cardiac GlycosidesCardenolides
glycosides of steroidal compounds that have a
characteristic 5- or 6-membered ring attached
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Cardiac Glycosides
Foxglove (Digitalis)

• glycosides of steroidal compounds
• have a characteristic 5- or 6-membered ring
  attached

Digoxin from Foxglove
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Cardiac Glycosides
Calotropin, a cardiac glycoside
Milkweed
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Practice

• Which of the structures below
• are glycosides?
• are alkaloids?
• are steroids?
• have chiral carbons?
• are organic?

glucose -
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Tuesday Chemistry of plant drugs? You will
need to hand in Topic of your Final Paper with a
very brief summary on your planned topic(2
pts.)Thursday Chemistry of food (from plants)
for ThanksgivingAfter Thanksgiving Plant
Medicines. Fibers and DyesQuiz 6 on Thursday
after Thanksgiving