Mutations

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Mutations
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What are mutations?

• Changes in the genetic sequence that affect
  genetic information
• Two types
• Gene mutations
• Chromosomal mutations

Normal Human Karyotype
Rusts Disease
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Gene mutations

• Point mutations mistakes with 1 nucleotide
• Substitution of the wrong nucleotide (nitrogen
  base) in place of correct one
• Missense mutation substitution of a base codes
  for a different amino acid
• Nonsense mutation substitution of a base codes
  for a stop
• Silent mutation substitution of a base codes
  for same a.a.
• Frameshift mutations occur when a nucleotide is
  either inserted or deleted, altering the trios
  of nitrogen bases (More severe than point
  mutations because it affects all of the amino
  acids in the protein after that point)

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Chromosomal mutations

• Change in the number or structure of the
  chromosomes
• Deletion
• Duplication
• Inversion
• Translocation

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Think about this!

• What types of mutations are most severe?
• If a mutation happens in a skin cell, will it get
  passed on to that persons children? What about
  an egg or sperm?
• In what type of cells must mutations occur in
  order to be passed on to offspring?