Transport in animals

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Transport in animals

• Mass flow transport

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Mass flow transport

• Needed for a constant supply of
• Oxygen
• Nutrients
• Also needed to get rid of waste products such as
• Carbon

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Mass flow transport

• Small animals such as sea anemones, flatworms and
  nematodes can do this by diffusion across their
  moist body surfaces

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Mass flow transport

• For larger animals diffusion is too slow to
  supply all the body cells efficiently.
• They need a a transport system and special
  exchange surfaces.

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Mass flow transport

• Humans have a circulatory system that transports
  large volumes of fluid to all parts of the body.
• We have a mass flow system.

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Mass flow transport

• Our circulatory system consists of
• Blood the fluid that is transported through the
  system
• Blood vessels the tubes that carry the blood
• A heart to pump the blood through the blood
  vessels

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head, neck and arms
lungs
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
lungs
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
lungs
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
lungs
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
lungs
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
lungs
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
lungs
pulmonary artery
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
lungs
pulmonary artery
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
liver
gut
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
lungs
pulmonary artery
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
liver
gut
renal vein
renal artery
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
lungs
pulmonary artery
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
liver
hepatic portal vein
gut
renal vein
renal artery
kidneys
body and legs
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head, neck and arms
superior vena cava
pulmonary vein
lungs
pulmonary artery
aorta
right atrium right ventricle
left atrium left ventricle
inferior vena cava
hepatic artery
hepatic vein
liver
hepatic portal vein
mesenteric artery
gut
renal vein
renal artery
kidneys
body and legs
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Closed or open?

• Animals such as snails and insects have open
  blood systems.
• The blood is pumped out of the heart into large
  spaces, not through blood vessels.

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Single or double?

• Fish have a single circulation system
• The hearts pumps blood to the gills and from
  their it passes directly to the tissues before
  being returned to the heart.

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Double circulation

• In mammals, the flow of blood is maintained by
• A muscular heart that pumps blood
• Rhythmical contractions of muscle in artery walls
  (the pulse)
• Contraction of body muscles during normal
  movement squeezing blood along the veins
• Breathing creates a negative pressure inside the
  thorax which draws blood towards the heart

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The heart

• The heart is mainly made of cardiac muscle, each
  muscle cell is joined to the next by an
  intercalary disc.
• These cells are myogenic, this means they can
  contract and relax of their own accord throughout
  a human life

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cardiac muscle fibre
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cardiac muscle fibre
one muscle cell
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cardiac muscle fibre
nucleus
one muscle cell
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cardiac muscle fibre
nucleus
intercalary disc between muscle cells, these
allow the rapid spread of impulses through the
tissue from cell to cell
one muscle cell
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superior vena cava
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superior vena cava
aorta
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
tricuspid valve
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
septum
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
septum
semi-lunar valves
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superior vena cava
aorta
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
right atrium
left atrium
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
left ventricle
right ventricle
septum
inferior vena cava
semi-lunar valves
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The heart

• The heart is really two pumps side by side.
• The left side pumps deoxygenated blood to the
  lungs
• The right side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest
  of the body

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The heart

• Each side of the heart is completely separate and
  so deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood do not
  mix

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The heart

• The thickness of the walls of each chamber is
  related to the distance that it has to pump the
  blood.
• The atria just pump into the ventricles so are
  very thin

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The heart

• The right ventricle has to pump the blood to the
  lungs and has a thinner wall than the left
  ventricle
• because this has to pump blood all around the
  body

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The heart

• The valves keep the blood flowing in one
  direction.
• The atrio-ventricular valves prevent the back
  flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles
  contract
• On the right side the tricuspid valve has three
  flaps, on the left the bicuspid has two flaps.

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The heart

• The semi-lunar valves are found at the base of
  the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
• These prevent the backflow of blood into the
  ventricles when they relax