Administration, Scoring,

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Administration, Scoring, Interpretation of
Selected TestsCh. 15
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Measuring Parameters of Athletic Performance

• Parameters of athletic performance- ability to
  respond effectively to various physical
  challenges
• Ability to improve upon physical characteristics
  through training to maximize athletic performance

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• Maximum Muscular Strength (Low-Speed Strength)
• Maximal strength tests for most exercises involve
  relatively low movement speeds
• Muscular strength is the force a muscle or muscle
  group can exert in one maximal effort
• Can be quantified by
• Max wt. that can be lifted once (one-repetition
  maximum-1RM)
• Maximum force exerted isometrically measured with
  transducer
• Max force that can be exerted at particular
  isokinetic speed
• Common tests 1RM bench press, 1RM back squat

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• Anaerobic Power/Maximum Muscular Power
  (high-speed strength)
• Ability of a muscle to exert high force while
  contracting at a high speed
• Strength power tests are
• Of very short duration
• Performed at maximal movement speeds
• Produce very high power outputs
• Can be quantified by 1RM of explosive exercises,
  height of vertical jump, or time to sprint up
  stairs
• Common tests 1RM power clean, vertical jump,
  Margaria-Kalamen test

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• Anaerobic Capacity
• Maximal rate of energy production by combined
  phosphagen lactic acid energy systems for
  moderate-duration activities
• Quantified by max amount of work per second
  performed in muscular activity between 30-90s
  using variety of tests for upper lower body
• Common tests 300-yd shuttle, line drill

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• Local Muscular Endurance
• Ability of certain muscle or muscle group to
  perform repeated contractions against submaximal
  resistance
• Should be performed in continuous manner for
  several seconds to several minutes without rest
  periods
• Could be max of push-ups, chin-ups, dips,
  sit-ups, etc.

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• Aerobic Capacity
• Maximum rate at which athlete can produce energy
  through oxidation of energy resources (carbs,
  fats, proteins)
• Is usually expressed as volume of oxygen consumed
  per kilogram of body wt. per minute (ml/kg/min)
• Few STC pros have equipment for this
• Usually measured by aerobic endurance activities,
  running 1 mile or more
• Common test 1.5 mile run

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• Agility
• Ability to stop, start, change direction of
  body or body parts rapidly in controlled manner
• Tests require proper footwear nonslip surface
• Errors can be made with use of stopwatch by
  untrained tester
• Stopwatch times are up to 0.24s faster than
  electric eye devices because of reaction time
  delay in starting watch after gun
• Electric eye devices preferred, but few have
• Common tests T-test, Hexagon test, Edgren Side
  Step test

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• Speed
• Displacement per unit time
• Quantified as time taken to cover fixed distance
• Tests not usually done over 200m
• because the greater the distance the more it
  reflects anaerobic or aerobic capacity than
  absolute speed
• Common test 40-yd sprint

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• Flexibility
• Range of motion about a body joint
• Typical measuring devices
• Manual or electric goniometer
• Sit-and-reach box
• Measurements more reliable when athlete allowed
  to warm-up static stretch before test
• During test, make sure stretch is held at least
  3s allow no bouncing

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• Body Composition
• Relative proportions by wt. of fat lean tissue
• Many sophisticated expensive devices
• Underwater or hydrostatic weighing is most
  accurate
• Skinfold measurement technique provides most
  reliable means for assessing body fatness
  available to STC pros
• Preferable to body circumference methods

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• Anthropometry
• Science of measurement applied to human body
• Generally includes height, weight, selected
  body limb girths

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Statistical evaluation of test data

• After tests are done, scores collected, then
  analyze data to
• Determine change in performance of group over
  training period
• Groups performance relative to that of similar
  groups tested in past
• Relationship of each athletes scores to those of
  the group
• Comparison of individual scores to local, state,
  national norms

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• Important outcome of repeated performance testing
  is evaluation of both improvement of individual
  athletes overall effectiveness of program
• Difference score- difference between athletes
  scores at beginning end of training period, or
  between any 2 separate testing times

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• Judging effectiveness based on improvement has 2
  limitations
• Athletes with a higher training status will not
  have as much improvement as someone with low
  training status
• Athletes may deliberately fail to give max effort
  on pretraining tests to inflate their
  posttraining improvement scores
• Same effort should be given during pre-
  posttraining tests

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Types of Statistics

• Statistics- science of collecting, classifying,
  analyzing, interpreting numerical data
• 2 main branches of statistics
• Descriptive
• Inferential

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• Descriptive statistics- summarizes or describes
  large group of data
• Used when all info about population is known
• 3 categories of numerical measurement in
  descriptive statistics
• Central tendency
• Variability
• Percentile rank

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• Central tendency- values about which data tend to
  cluster
• 3 measures of central tendency
• Mean- average of scores
• Most commonly used measure of central tendency
• Median- middlemost score when set of scores is
  arranged in order of magnitude
• Mode- score that occurs with greatest frequency

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• Variability- degree of dispersion of scores
  within a group
• 2 common measures of variability
• Range- difference between highest lowest scores
• Standard deviation- measure of variability of set
  of scores about their mean
• Small standard deviation indicates set of scores
  closely clustered about the mean
• Large standard deviation indicates wider
  dispersion of scores about the mean

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• Percentile Rank- percentage of test takers
  scoring below that individual
• If individual ranked in 75th percentile, 75 of
  group produced scores below that athletes score

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• Inferential Statistics- allows general
  conclusions about a population from info
  collected in population sample
• Results of one group of Division I FB players
  (sample) is representative of all Division I FB
  players (population)

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Developing an Athletic Profile

• When determining training status of athlete, STC
  pros can combine results of selected tests to
  generate an athletic profile
• Athletic profile- group of test results related
  to sport-specific skills that are important for
  quality performance in a sport or sport position

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• When evaluating athletes 5 steps should be
  followed
• Choose valid reliable tests to measure these
  parameters, arrange the testing battery in an
  appropriate order with sufficient rest between
  tests to promote test reliability
• Select tests that will measure the specific
  parameters most characteristic of the sport or
  sports in question

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• 3. Administer the test battery to as many
  athletes as possible
• 4. Calculate percentile ranks to present a visual
  profile
• 5. Evaluate the athlete based on percentile rank
  within the group against the individuals best
  performances over previous years, if possible