Body%20Temperature,%20Heat,%20Fat,%20and%20Movement

1
Chapter 10

• Body Temperature, Heat, Fat, and Movement

2
Figure 10.1 The human temperature regulation
system can increase or decrease body temperature.
3
Figure 10.2 Examples of resistancetemperature
curve for three NTC thermistors, ? 3000 ?, 3500
K, and 4000 K. R0 is the resistance at T0 298 K.
4
C1 and C2 are constants that depend on the
thermocouple pair with T in kelvins
Figure 10.3 The J type thermocouple is formed
from copper and constantan.
5
Figure 10.4 An electronic thermometer uses a
thermistor sensor probe.
6
Net flux of infrared radiation

• A effective body (target) area
• ? Stefan-Boltzmann constant
• ?a emissivity of surroundings (sensor)
• Tb body temperature
• Ta sensor temperature

Figure 10.5 The infrared thermometer opens a
shutter to expose the sensor to radiation from
the ear.
7
Figure 10.6 In a gradient layer calorimeter,
thermocouples measure the difference in
temperature across the wall. Ventilating system
and measurements not shown.
8
Figure 10.7 An airflow calorimeter measures
inlet and outlet temperatures, flows, and
humidity.
9
Figure 10.8 The water flow calorimeter measures
the inlet and outlet water temperature.
10
Figure 10.9 The compensating heater calorimeter
requires less heater power when the subject
supplies heat.
11
(No Transcript)
12
Figure 10.11 A dilution system used by Deltatrac
uses mechanical ventilation. FIO2 is the inspired
oxygen concentration, FECO2 is the true expired
carbon dioxide concentration, FEO2 is the expired
oxygen concentration, and FCO2 is the diluted
carbon dioxide concentration.
13
Figure 10.12 A closed-circuit system uses the
volumetric loss principle. The spirometer is used
as an oxygen supply and the volume change as a
function of time in the spirometer is used to
calculate the rate of oxygen consumption.
14
Figure 10.13 Principle of the doubly labeled
water method. r is the production rate, W is the
size of total body water, k represents rate
constants determined from the experiment.
15
Figure 10.14 (a) Lange skinfold caliper used for
assessing thickness of subcutaneous fat. (b)
Illustration of an example of skinfold
measurement, triceps skinfold taken on the
midline posterior surface of the arm over the
triceps muscle.
16
Figure 10.15 In resistance measurement on the
ipsilateral side of the body current flows
through one arm, the trunk, and one leg.
17
Figure 10.16 (a) A goniometer attached to the
shank and thigh to measure knee rotation. Vi is
the input voltage. Vout is the output voltage
that is proportional to the angle of knee
rotation. (b) Subject wearing a triaxial
goniometer on knee joint.
18
Figure 10.17 Vertical acceleration of the
accelerometer frame bends the cantilever beam
because the seismic mass remains at rest. Voltage
output (V) is proportional to the acceleration
(a). E is the supply voltage.
19
Figure 10.18 An example of a gait analysis setup
includes a four-camera kinematic system, two
force platforms, and an electromyogram (EMG)
telemetry system.