Qualitative research process

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Qualitative research process

• M.H. Forouzanfar
• forouzan_at_tums.ac.ir

2
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Positivist and post positivist tradition
• Good positivist with less rigorous methods
• Quasi statistics
• Should be objective
• Tales that often reflect eth. Attitude, beliefs
  and values
• Ethn. Four commitments

3
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Ethn. Four commitments
• Commitment to objectivism
• Complicity with imperialism
• Monumentalism
• Timelessness

4
Positivist/postpositivist and qualitative

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Interpretive paradigms
• Constructivism
• Pluralism not relativism
• Circular dynamic tension
• Critical
• Effect of power, control and ideology
• Reality is representational not real or
  truth
• feminist

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What/ HowWhy/how manymuchoften

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• What
• What is happening?
• What are people doing?
• What does it mean to them?
• How
• How meaning is constructed?
• How are the realities accomplished?

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What/ HowWhy/how manymuchoften

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Why
• Cause and effect
• Generalization
• How manymuch
• Ask for quantity
• Explain and predict

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Formulate the question

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• How do researchers formulate the question?
• What is a good research question?
• How does one get research idea?

• Philosophical assumptions.
• Personal experience
• Particular article
• Economic and time constraints
• Available funding or opportunity
• Choosing method
• Literature review
• Not much
• At multiple points

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Research design

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• What theoretical tradition characterize my
  research problem, interpretation? Critical
  theory? Positivism? What?

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Positivist research design

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Deductionism
• Cause and effect
• Unit of analysis who? what?
• Hypothesis
• Measuring
• Operationalization
• Questions and scales

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Positivist research design

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity, reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Knowledge is a reflection of reality
• Predictive validity
• Construct valisity
• Reliability
• Unreliability lack of good set up, not to the
  substance of measure
• Less consistencies, sacrifice validity
• Sampling
• Random sampling, statistics and sample size

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A qualitative research design

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Standpoint
• Point of view, from inside
• Feminist standpoint
• No measures

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A qualitative research design validity

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Correspondence to truth does not work
• Survival against falsification attempts
• Subjecting ones findings to competing claims
• What are the factors that make you resonate with
  findings
• Does the researcher captured the understanding of
  subjects?

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A qualitative research design validity in
craftsmanship

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Perceive credibility of researcher and research
• How well the research has been investigated and
  checked
• Negative case analysis
• Going out of the way to provide alternative
  theoretical explanations
• Ability to theorize

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A qualitative research designcommunicative
validity

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Dialogue between legitimate knowers
• Is the interpretation of a given finding open to
  discussion and refutation?
• Even with interviewees

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A qualitative research designpragmatic validity

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• The extent to which research findings impact
• Those studied
• Certain action outcomes

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A qualitative research designtriangulation as a
validity tool

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Using two different methods
• Two different methods
• Different perspectives (theoretical
  triangulation)
• Data source (data triangulation)
• Different investigators (investigator
  triangulation)

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A qualitative research design validity

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Validity
• A process, earning confidence of reader
• Getting its right
• Trustworthiness instead of truth
• How can the researcher persuade the audience?
• Guidelines

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A qualitative research designreliability

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Checklist
• Is the researcher relationship with the group
  fully described
• Is all field documents comprehensive, cross
  referenced, annotated and rigorously detailed
• Using multiple means?
• Documenting interviewer training?
• Is construction, planning and testing of all
  instruments documented?
• Are key informants fully described?
• Are sampling techniques fully documented

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A qualitative research designsampling

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Sampling
• Not to make generalization
• Purposive or judgment samples
• Homogeneous sample
• Opportunistic sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Theoretical sampling
• Theoretical saturation or data adequacy
• It is the implicit that is interesting

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A qualitative research designsampling

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Sampling
• Cohesive sample
• Saturation quicker in theoretical sampling
• Snowball
• Random
• Until each negative case perspective is saturated
• Saturated data are rich, full and complete with
  good resulting theory without gaps

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A qualitative research designdynamic dance

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

Step 1 define research problem Step 2
literature review Step3 hypothesis
formulation Step 4 research design Step 5
instrument and sampling Step 6 data
collection Step7 data analysis Step 8
conclusion Step 9 revise hypothesis

• Quantitative

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A qualitative research design dynamic dance

• Paradigms
• Research question
• Driving a RQ
• Research design
• Positivist RD
• Validity reliability
• Sampling
• A qualitative RD
• Validity
• V in craftsmanship
• Communicative V
• Pragmatic V
• Triangulation
• Reliability
• R checklist
• Sampling
• Dynamic dance

• Differences
• Philosophical substructure
• Dynamic interaction between research problem and
  literature
• Analytical interaction
• Iterative process between data collection and
  analysis and theory generation
• No right dance
• No set routine
• Must be open to discovery