Frozen Frontiers (1)

1
Frozen Frontiers A Comprehensive Review of
Cutting-Edge Cold Weather Clothing Technologies
Abhijit Rawat, Aditya Rana, Tisha Goswami, Varun
Pratap Singh Mechanical Cluster, School of
Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, 248007,
Uttarakhand, India

• ENERGY SUMMIT 2023
• International Conference on Clean Energy
• Materials and Technologies (ICCEMT 2023)
• September 20th -22nd, 2023
• Dehradun, India

2
Content

• Introduction
• 1.1 Setting the Stage Extreme Cold Weather
  Challenges
• 1.2 The Vital Role of Cold Weather Clothing
  Systems
• 2. Material Innovations
• 2.1 Nano fabrics Revolutionizing Insulation
• 2.2 Phase Change Materials Enhancing Thermal
  Regulation
• 2.3 Aerogels Lightweight Insulation Marvels
• 3. Smart Garments for Personalized Comfort
• 3.1 Sensing the Cold Embedded Sensor Technology
• 3.2 Embracing Warmth Heating Elements in Cold
  Weather Apparel
• 4. Biomechanics and Ergonomics
• 4.1 Beyond Warmth Prioritizing Mobility and
  Performance
• 4.2 Designing for Comfort Ergonomics in Cold
  Weather Gear

4.3 Bio-Inspired Design Nature's Cold
Adaptations 4.4 Technology and Innovation in
Extreme Cold Weather Gear 5. Sustainability in
Extreme Cold Weather Clothing 5.1 Eco-Friendly
Manufacturing Practices 5.2 Sustainable
Materials Reducing Environmental Impact 6.
Military, Defence and other Applications 6.1
Protecting Personnel in Severe Cold
Environments 6.2 Advanced Technologies for
Soldiers 6.3 Health and Wellness Benefits 6.3.1
Enhancing Physical Well-Being 6.3.2 Promoting
Mental Health in Extreme Cold 7. Conclusion 8.
Future Work (Our proposal) 9. Poster 10.
References
3
Introduction

• In the unforgiving realms of extreme cold, where
  winter's icy grasp tightens its hold, the need
  for an exceptional solution becomes paramount.
  Regions susceptible to extreme cold experience a
  distinct set of conditions when temperatures
  drop, necessitating specialized expertise,
  infrastructure, and equipment to navigate safely
  and successfully.
• Extremely cold weathering clothing systems
  (ECWCS) are indispensable assets for individuals
  confronting the rigors of extreme cold climates.
  These systems are meticulously crafted to provide
  unparalleled protection, insulation, and comfort
  in environments where icy winds prevail, and the
  temperature is typically below -50C.
• At their core, extremely cold weathering clothing
  systems embody a synergy of cutting-edge
  technology and time-tested principles.
• They are often made from high-performance
  materials, such as Gore-Tex, Polartec, and
  PrimaLoft. These materials are breathable,
  waterproof, and windproof, and they can help keep
  the wearer warm and dry even in the harshest
  conditions.

4
Setting the Stage Extreme Cold Weather Challenges

• Extreme cold weather can vary significantly in
  terms of temperature and duration depending on
  the location and time of year. Here are some
  facts and figures related to extreme cold weather
  conditions globally

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The Vital Role of Cold Weather Clothing Systems
Historical Context And Evolution

• Prehistoric Era In prehistoric times, early
  humans initially relied on natural materials such
  as animal skins and furs for clothing. Layering
  was an essential concept even in ancient times,
  as individuals would wear multiple animal hides
  to stay warm in harsh winter climates.
• Ancient Civilizations As civilizations
  developed, so did their clothing. Ancient
  Egyptians, for example, used linen and wool for
  clothing, which provided insulation against the
  cold. In ancient Rome, woolen togas and cloaks
  were commonly worn during colder seasons.
• Age of Exploration (15th-17th Century) The Age
  of Exploration led to the discovery of new, cold
  climates. European explorers and colonists
  adapted by incorporating local materials like
  fur, leather, and indigenous clothing designs to
  survive in these regions. Hudson's Bay Company
  introduced the iconic Hudson's Bay Point Blanket,
  which became a staple in North American fur trade
  and later in cold weather clothing.
• 18th and 19th Centuries The Industrial
  Revolution brought significant advancements in
  textile manufacturing. Wool production increased,
  leading to more readily available and affordable
  warm clothing. Innovations like the invention of
  the sewing machine made the production of
  clothing more efficient.
• Polar Exploration (19th-20th Century) The
  exploration of the polar regions in the 19th and
  early 20th centuries led to the development of
  specialized cold weather clothing. Explorers like
  Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott relied on
  fur-lined parkas, mittens, and layered clothing
  systems to survive in extreme cold.
• World Wars and Military Influence (20th Century)
  The world wars accelerated advancements in cold
  weather clothing, as military personnel required
  gear to withstand harsh conditions. The
  development of insulated bomber jackets and
  Arctic clothing for soldiers influenced civilian
  cold weather fashion.
• Contemporary Era (Late 20th Century - Present)
  The late 20th century brought innovations in
  synthetic materials, such as Gore-Tex and
  PrimaLoft, which provided enhanced insulation and
  moisture-wicking properties. The evolution of
  cold weather clothing now includes technical gear
  for outdoor enthusiasts, incorporating features
  like waterproof membranes, adjustable hoods, and
  breathability.

6
Material Innovations

• Material innovation is a critical aspect of the
  evolution of cold weather clothing systems. Over
  the years, advancements in materials have
  revolutionized the effectiveness, comfort, and
  sustainability of clothing designed for extreme
  cold conditions.

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Nano fabrics Revolutionizing Insulation
S. No. Performance Characteristic Nano Fabrics Traditional Materials Images
1. Thermal Insulation Excellent thermal insulation due to micro-engineered fibers or coatings Good thermal insulation with materials like wool, down, and synthetic fibers
2. Moisture Management Effective moisture-wicking and moisture transport capabilities Variable moisture management may not wick moisture as effectively
3. Breathability High breathability, allows excess heat and moisture to escape Breathability varies depending on the material may require additional layers
4. Lightweight and Compactness Lightweight and thin, minimizing bulk in clothing Effective insulation but may add bulk and weight to clothing
5. Durability Durability can vary depending on nano-coating and material quality Durability depends on the material some may require special care
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Nano fabrics Revolutionizing Insulation
S. No. Performance Characteristic Nano Fabrics Traditional Materials Images
6. Temperature Regulation Regulates temperature effectively by absorbing and releasing heat Provides insulation but may not have phase change capabilities
7. Enhanced Comfort Maintains a stable microclimate, reducing overheating and chilling Provides comfort but may not have the same temperature-regulating properties
8. Energy Efficiency Can reduce the need for external heating or cooling, potentially saving energy Relies on external heating or insulation for energy efficiency
9. Sustainability Eco-friendly options available ongoing research on sustainable nanomaterials Sustainability varies some natural materials are inherently more ecofriendly
10. Environmental Impact Concerns about nanoparticle disposal and environmental impact Environmental impact varies natural materials may be more sustainable
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Phase Change Materials Enhancing Thermal
Regulation
S. No. Characteristic Description References
1. High Latent Heat PCMs have a high latent heat of fusion, allowing them to absorb and release large amounts of thermal energy during phase change. Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A. (2002). Thermal energy storage systems and applications (Vol. 21). John Wiley Sons. Kenisarin, M., Mahkamov, K. (2007). Solar energy storage using phase change materials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(9), 1913-1965.
2. Temperature Range PCMs are available in various temperature ranges, from sub-zero temperatures to above 100C, making them versatile for different applications. Sharma, A., Tyagi, V. V., Chen, C. R., Buddhi, D. (2009). Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(2), 318-345. Al-Hallaj, S., Selman, J. R. (2000). Melting behaviour of a paraffin/porous-graphite-matrix composite as a function of temperature and pressure. Journal of Applied Physics, 88(6), 4058-4065.
3. Reversible Phase Change PCMs undergo a reversible phase change, transitioning between solid and liquid states without degradation, enabling long-term use. Zalba, B., Marín, J. M., Cabeza, L. F., Mehling, H. (2003). Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials, heat transfer analysis and applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(3), 251-283.
4. Thermal Stability PCMs exhibit high thermal stability, with minimal degradation even after numerous heating and cooling cycles. Sari, A., Karaipekli, A. (2007). Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite composite as phase change material. Applied Energy, 84(5), 768-779.
5. Non-Toxic Many PCMs are non-toxic and environmentally friendly, making them safe for various applications, including in textiles and building materials. Zhou, D., Zhao, C. Y., Tian, Y. (2012). Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications. Applied Energy, 92, 593-605.
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Material Innovations Aerogels Lightweight
Insulation Marvels
S.No. Characteristic Description References
1. Composition Aerogels are highly porous materials typically made from a gel, where the liquid component is replaced with a gas, resulting in a solid but extremely low-density structure. Silica aerogels are common, but aerogels can be made from various materials, including polymers and carbon. Kistler, S. S. (1931). Coherent Expanded Aerogels and Jellies. Nature, 127(3211), 741.
2. Thermal Insulation Aerogels are exceptional thermal insulators with low thermal conductivity, making them effective at reducing heat transfer. They have one of the lowest thermal conductivities of any known material. Pierre, A. C., Pajonk, G. M. (2002). Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Chemical Reviews, 102(11), 4243-4265.
3. Lightweight and Low Density Aerogels are incredibly lightweight due to their low density. They are often referred to as "frozen smoke" or "blue smoke" because of their appearance. Hüsing, N., Schubert, U. (1998). AerogelsAiry Materials Chemistry, Structure, and Properties. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37(1-2), 22-45.
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Material Innovations Aerogels Lightweight
Insulation Marvels
S. No. Characteristic Description References
4. Transparency Some types of aerogels, particularly silica aerogels, are transparent and allow the passage of visible light while still providing insulation. Baumann, T. F., Satcher, J. H., Aines, R. D. (2005). Transparent superinsulating silica aerogels for thermal insulation. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 350, 272-279.
5. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Types Aerogels can be designed to be either hydrophobic (repelling water) or hydrophilic (absorbing water), depending on their intended use. Hydrophobic aerogels are often used for thermal insulation. Du, A., Zhou, B., Zhang, Z., Shen, J., Lu, Y. (2012). Recent progress in pore size-controlled materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(5), 1743-1764.
6. High Porosity They have a highly porous structure, with up to 99.98 of their volume consisting of air or gas-filled pores. This porosity contributes to their low density and excellent insulating properties. Pierre, A. C., Pajonk, G. M. (2002). Chemistry of aerogels and their applications. Chemical Reviews, 102(11), 4243-4265.
7. Mechanical Fragility While aerogels are excellent insulators, they are mechanically fragile and can be brittle. Special care is required when handling and integrating them into applications. Baumann, T. F., Satcher, J. H., Aines, R. D. (2005). Superinsulating aerogels. US Patent 6,902,798.
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Literature Review ECWCS
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FINGURE FINDING
1. 1 Wang, Faming Lee, H Two electrically heated vests were selected for experiments. The parameters that influence the heating efficiency of two electrically heated vests were investigated. It was demonstrated that the serial method was not suitable to calculate thermal resistances of heterogeneous clothing ensembles. Therefore, the serial method should be removed from the ISO standard.
2. 2 R.Imamura, S. Rissanen, et al. Manual Testing with different temperature bare hand and after wearing gloves Heat production by physical exercise was able to increase finger temperatures and to restore part of the manual performance.
3. 3 Auerbach, Margaret A Jugueta, Regina D The ECWCS which would drastically reduce the weight and bulk ofthe current system, while providing improved environmental protection over a wide spectrum of climatic conditions. The ECWCS system currently consists of the four layers mentioned above and is designed to provide protection from -60 to 120 F. The current ECWCS system will be considered the control samples for this study. All candidate fabrics must demonstrate equal to or better performance than the designated layer used in the current ECWCS system.
4. 4 F.Wang, C. Gao, et al. Normal thick-layer protective clothing can reduce workers risks of getting cold injury when exposed to cold environments. Traditional protective clothing is often bulky and heavy, and can severely limit human movements, dexterity and performance. people can wear a personal heating garment (PHG) to extend their exposure time in a cold environment and/or reduce cold stress.
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Literature Review ECWCS
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FINGURE FINDING
5. 5 K. Jussila, A .Valkama, et al. The weight, thickness, stiffness of the fabrics, and friction between the clothing layers affect physical performance. The comfort and perception of performance associated with 3 military winter combat clothing systems from different decades (the new M05 system, the previous M91 system, and traditional clothing) were observed during winter military maneuvers. The physiological properties of clothing designed to provide protection against cold, windy and damp conditions affect comfort.
6. 6 N. Kasturiya, M . S. Subbulakshmi, et al. System design of protective clothing for extreme cold weather should be such as to repel water and snow, but to prevent heat from dissipating to the environment. The primary function of clothing insulation is to give comfort to the wearer by preventing body heat from escaping out more rapidly than it is produced. A protective clothing system design necessitates multilayer clothing for higher efficacy and increased warmth.
7. 7 KASHIF, ENGR MOHAMMAD The clothing structure should have adequate strength and performance features. It should have flexibility, elasticity, pleat-ability, shape/dimensions, sensorial and aesthetic traits. Accepting and computing consumer requirements, handle or skin sensational wear comfort or tactile comfort is used and researched in textiles industry. Protection from wind permeation and give thermal insulation, do not reduce agility, inhibit warm air entrapped in clothing layers.
8. 8 M. P. Castellani, T. P .Rioux, et al. This impact may last from 1 to 3 hours, depend on the storage temperature and outdoor environmental temperatures. When steady state is reached, however, body armor acts as a heat insulator and reduces body heat loss. The wind speed also plays a factor in how much heat is lost with greatest dynamic effect from little to no wind to modest wind speed. At wind speeds above 5 ms-1 the rate of heat flux is only modestly affected. the magnitude that the composite material of the ballistic protection plates within body armor insulate the Soldier or exacerbate heat loss in cold-weather environments.
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Literature Review ECWCS
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FINGURE FINDING
9. 9 W .R.Santee, S. P.Mullen, et al. A prototype electrically heated handwear for use by Army personnel during cold-weather operations. The most promising finding was the performance of the heated liners when combined with the heavier insulation of the ICWG shells. The practice of combining the heated liners with heavily insulated shells could be exploited in many ways including wearing the heated liners under mitten shells for normal protection, then removing the shells for short-term work requiring dexterity.
10. 10 C. A. Hickey, A. A Woodward, et al. (a) Whether the use of heated garments over body areas in addition to hands and feet would improve the protectiveness of ECWCS, and (b) by what amount the use of these garments would extend the period of time of effective cold protection. Protection is greater for hands wearing heated gloves than for those wearing extreme cold-weather mitten ensembles.
11. 11 R .R. Gonzalez, T. L.Endrusick, et al. All experiments were performed on separate days. Rectal (Tre), middle finger (Tmf), and mean weighted skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded continuously oxygen uptake and heart rate were measured periodically and total body weight loss msw, g.h(-1)) was determined after each run. The ECWCS with specific handwear furnish adequate ET in cold-dry ambient provides the ventilation and removal of extra layers is an option during heavy exercise and thermal insulation is not decreased by body moisture
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Literature Review ECWCS Parameters
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FIGURE FINDINGS
1. 1 OBrien, C.Blanchard, et al. Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to clothing and equipment designed to protect individuals from chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive hazards. The materials used to provide this protection may exacerbate thermal strain by limiting heat and water vapor transfer. Any new PPE must therefore be evaluated to ensure that it poses no greater thermal strain than the current standard for the same level of hazard protection. By considering thermal stress early in the development process, health hazards related to temperature extremes can be mitigated while maintaining or improving the effectiveness of the PPE for protection from external hazards.
2. 2 R. R Gonzalez, T . L. Endrusick, et al. The human thermoregulatory responses of wearing a new cold-weather system ECWCS at rest or during exercise. The ECWCS insulation 3.6 clo weight 10.1 kg encompasses skin- tight polypropylene underwear, polyestercotton fatigues polyester-insulated liners, balaclava, vapor-barrier boots, and polytetrafluorethylene PTFE-lined outer garments. Six fit males each rested and did treadmill exercise while wearing different handwear with the ECWCS the handwear included a light duty glove heavy duty glove, or an Arctic mitten. A maximal 120 min cold challenge for each soldier was designated based on physiological safety measures as a maximal endurance time ET,min. A multiple correlation analysis demonstrated that ET could be predicted adequately by finger temperature, absolute metabolism, rectal and 10- site skin temperatures. The ECWCS should tender adequate endurance times in cold-dry ambients provided that ventilation and removal of extra layers is allowed as an easy option during heavy exercise so that thermal insulation is not excessively decreased by body moisture.
3. 3 D. S .Moran, et al.  Eight volunteers walked on a level treadmill at a speed of 1.34 ms for 15 min followed by sifting for 70 min. CSI evaluated all the exercise periods with negative calculated values, whereas the sifting periods were correctly assessed with positive values ranging from 0-10. Despite the cold exposure in this study, increased metabolic heat production masked the cold stress causing an elevation in core temperature and consequently negative values for CSI.  Cold strain evaluation by CSI should be restricted to sedentary exposures, because during exercise in a cold environment, rectal temperature is the limiting indicator for cold strain assessment.
4. 4 Santee, William R The methodology is analogous to a more complex approach derived by Holmer (1984) to calculate required insulation (IREQ) and survival times. The derived equations parallel simple models developed by other investigators (Tikuisis and Frim, 1995), but are explained in sufficient detail to allow other users to fully understand the methods and to develop variations of the basic model. In an actual emergency, the status of the individual parameters will be inexactly known. Therefore, it will be important to understand how each factor may impact the final result. It is much easier to manipulate a simple model to determine the direction and potential impact of each variable on the overall prediction.
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Literature Review ECWCS Parameters
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FIGURE FINDINGS
5. 5T. P. Rioux, et al. The method quantifies water absorbed by textiles, measures drying time of wet textiles, and analyzes the accelerated heat loss of textiles saturated with water, providing a foundation for studying the effects of wet clothing on heat loss from the human body. Drying times at both environmental conditions for a single textile were similar. There appears to be a consistent offset between the two environmental conditions throughout the duration of the experiment when examining the heat flux versus time for each material. Limitations of this method include subjectivity of determining drying times of the wet textile samples.
6. 6 S .D.Kumar, et al.  They assessed four different exerted forces, six gait phases, and joint angles of five body movements amongst 63 trials of Indian soldiers by standardized protocol of Ergomaster 4.6 software. No significant changes were observed except in sitting position and shearing force of gait pattern Soldiers and firefighters have a hazardous job profile. They have worn heavy clothing that reduces bodys natural movability. In these circumstances, our objectives are to explore the effect of three layers light-weight clothing system
7. 7 X. Xu, et al. The proposed approach, which consists of a heated thermal foot test and then modeling, is a cost-effective alternative to human testing. The model has application for military planning, cold injury risk prediction and the selection of adequate protective footwear. The simulation was validated with measured physiological data obtained from human testing wearing the same footwear. The model prediction agreed with measured values within one standard deviation. 
8. 8 Rengasamy, R S Kothari, V K Polyester fibres of solid and hollow cross-section were used to prepare thermally bonded nonwovens. Thermal resistance of nonwovens increases with decrease in fibre denier. For a given porosity of nonwoven, the finer fibre nonwovens have smaller mean flow pore size, entrapping more air, thus reducing radiation heat loss. To explore a light-weight thermal insulation layer which could provide optimum insulation for the wearer at sub-zero temperatures.
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Literature Review ECWCS Parameters
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FIGURE FINDINGS
9. 9 Mondal, Sudipta Adak, Bapan Mukhopadhyay, Samrat Further improvement in technology ,filling materials treated with water repellent finishes-Therma-a-Rests era Loft insulation is made up of water-resistant polyester that retains warmth when wet and dries fast. The system should provide insulation and maintain warmth with least amount of Bulkiness
10. 10 J. Švecová, J.Strohmandl, et al. The manikin is heated internally to a constant skin temperature of 34.0 0.2C uniformly throughout the body. It is located in the air conditioning chamber, where the air temperature is defined, and the air speed and humidity can be adjusted. The dry heat flow, directed from the surface of the manikins skin to clothing to the ambient air, is measured after reaching equilibrium conditions. From the heat flow relating to the body surface of the unclothed dummy, the thermal insulation of the garment can be calculated with respect to the difference between the skin surface temperature of the dummy and the ambient air. On the basis of the measured thermal resistance values for the selected textile sandwich samples, used to produce the military ensembles, the dimensionless quantity of clothing isolation was calculated. To achieve good user comfort while wearing military clothing under various climatic conditions, the particularly low water vapour resistance (Ret) of fabrics is of utmost importance to achieve the satisfactory value of the clothing thermal insulation for the proposed climatic conditions. 
11. 11 Mawkhlieng, Unsanhame Majumdar, Abhijit The quest to integrate functionality within the fabric itself has encouraged the researchers to explore nanotechnology because of the advantages it offers. The application generally requires a considerably low quantity due to the exceptionally high surface area available for a given volume of nanomaterial.  It is observed that in some areas, such as shear thickening fluid reinforced body armour, nanotechnology has gained commercial recognition and consideration, whereas in other areas, like the use of nanosilver for ECWCS, it is still at its infancy. However, it is anticipated that with the increasing demand of protective textiles with enhanced functionality, nanotechnology will gain more acceptability.
12. 12 X. Xu, T. P. Rioux, et al. A validated six-cylinder thermoregulatory model is used to predict human thermal responses to cold while wearing different ensembles. The performance metrics, model, and a database of clothing properties were integrated into a user-friendly software application.   CoWEDA integrates human-centric performance metrics of cold weather ensembles, a thermoregulatory model (SCTM), and a database of clothing biophysical properties into a single user-friendly software application. It is the first tool that allows users to build their own ensembles from the inventory and interpret the selection using physiological terms and consequences. CoWEDA focuses on users physiological status and safety, and its outcomes are easy to understand and use. 
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Literature Review ECWCS Parameters
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FIGURE FINDINGS
13. 13 C. OBrien, B. S. Cadarette, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of thermal stress associated with clothing / equipment involves the following 1) biophysical measurements of the thermal insulation and moisture permeability of the textiles using a guarded hot plate, and of the garments using thermal manikins 2) biomedical modeling to predict physiological (body temperatures, sweating rate and heart rate) strain expected of Soldiers wearing a particular CIE configuration under conditions of environmental (temperature, humidity, air motion, radiant lead) and metabolic (work, rest) stressors and 3) human volunteer testing of CIE worn by persons exposed to a variety of controlled (laboratory or field) environmental and metabolic stressors. analyses of core and skin temperature, heart rate, and sweating rate across time so that developers can see trend differences among CIE.
14. 14 Xu, Xiaojiang Werner, Jürgen The model considers the competition between skin and muscle blood flow during exercise in hot environments because of limited cardiac capacity, as well as cold induced vasodilatation. The model is validated by comparing the simulation with experimental results under different conditions heat, cold, exercise, clothing and transient phases. It turns out that the simulation is compatible with the experimental results. 
15. 15 J. Svecova, A. Havelka, et al. Experimental measurement allow to verify functionality and suitability of military clothing used in various areas of the world by objective measurement in simulation of real climatic conditions under European standard EN 60721-2-12014 that sets the types of climate characterized by the values of air temperature and humidity Stated results of the thermal conductivity, water vapour resistance are the average of three samples and are stated with the accuracy of 4 decimal places. Based on the values measured using the FOX device, thermal resistance of textile sandwich samples was set and dimensionless quantity of clothing insulation CLO was calculated.
16. 16 E .Tavakkol, S.Borhani, et al. Suppressing the human bodys thermal radiation is important for infrared (IR) camouflage and radiative personal heating. Aluminum (Al) is a good insulator for thermal radiation, but there are challenges to its use in wearable applications. The raw data required to reproduce these findings
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Literature Review ECWCS Parameters
S. No. AUTHOR MECHANISM FIGURE FINDINGS
17. 17 T .P. Rioux, P. Sinha, The Six Cylinder Thermoregulatory Model SCTM was used to determine foot endurance time, which is the amount of time Soldiers can function before a cold injury is likely to occur.  A new approach of using data from the new wet footwear evaluation method and integrating the results with typical human thermoregulatory modeling to enhance footwear evaluations.
18. 18 D . S. Moran, T . L .Endrusick, Eight men (202 yr) dressed in protective cold weather clothing with varying footwear underwent 5 days of cold air (-23.4 C) testing while attempting to sit for 240 min. Rectal, skin, and toe temperatures (Ttoe) were continuously measured. All test exposures were ended after 50165 min due to cold foot discomfort or Ttoelt5 C. During exposures of clothed individuals to extreme cold environment, Tc and Tsk may respond differently. 
19. 19 T . P. Rioux, P . D'Angelo, The energy requirements of silver nanowire heated CIE through the use of thermal manikin measurements and thermoregulatory modeling. The biophysical properties thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of the five configurations were measured on thermal manikins. A thermoregulatory model was modified to include input that considers the heat flux from the heated CIE to the skin. Modeling conditions included -40 degrees C air temperature, 1 ms wind speed, and sedentary activity. The model predicted skin temperatures Ts of the hand, foot, and torso. The predicted power requirements for heated CIE are 20 W, 40 W, and 55 W for the hand, foot, and torso regions, respectively. Providing 55 W of heating to the torso does not show an improvement in the hand or foot Ts when compared to the unheated configuration.  100 W of heating to the torso predicts longer endurance time and tissue freeze time. Heating the hand, foot, and torso simultaneously does not appear to provide a benefit to the hand Ts, but indicates a potential benefit to the foot Ts.
20. 20 W .R .Santee, W .Y. Matthew, The application of the study was to provide the sponsoring agency sufficient data to compare 4 prototype garments to the existing Battledress Overgarment BDO and to select prototypes for further development and possible procurement. This report will describe step-by-step the methods and results of a biophysical evaluation of prototype Advanced Battledress Overgarments ABDOs. We would certainly expect that when there are significant differences under the controlled test conditions ,there would be actual difference in the field.
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Smart Garments for Personalized Comfort
Smart garments for personalized comfort are
clothing that uses sensors and other technologies
to monitor the wearer's body temperature and
other physiological factors, and then adjusts its
properties to keep the wearer comfortable.

• Improved thermal comfort Smart garments can be
  used to keep the wearer warm in cold weather and
  cool in hot weather.
• Reduced sweating Smart garments can be used to
  reduce sweating, which can help to improve
  comfort and prevent chafing.
• Improved air circulation Smart garments can be
  used to improve air circulation, which can help
  to keep the wearer cool and dry.
• Improved posture Smart garments can be used to
  improve posture by providing support and feedback
  to the wearer.
• Reduced pain and inflammation Smart garments can
  be used to reduce pain and inflammation by
  applying pressure or heat to specific areas of
  the body.

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Sensing the Cold Embedded Sensor Technology
S No. Sensors Image Reference
1. Thermocouples or thermistors are often used to measure the wearer's body temperature or the external temperature. Reference Bocci, E., Salvo, P., Natali, D. (2020). Development of a Wearable Smart Textile Based on Thermocouples for Continuous Monitoring of Body Temperature. Sensors, 20(19), 5681.
2. Humidity sensors help monitor the moisture levels within the clothing, which is important for managing sweat and preventing moisture-related discomfort. Reference Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, Y. (2018). A Smart and Wearable Textile with Comfortable, Moisture-Wicking, and Humidity-Sensing Properties for Personal Thermal Comfort Control. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6(22), 10268-10275.
3. Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors are integrated into some smart cold weather clothing for location tracking and navigation. Reference Zhu, H., Xia, Y. (2017). Development of a Real-Time GPS-Monitoring Smart Jacket for Navigation and Emergency Alert. Computers Industrial Engineering, 104, 122-128.
4. Heart rate monitors, pulse oximeters, and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors are integrated into some smart clothing for continuous health monitoring. Reference Preece, S. J., Goulermas, J. Y. (2017). Accuracy of Sternal Skin Conductance Compared to ECG in Preterm Infants. Sensors, 17(12), 2903.
5. Light sensors can be used to adjust the brightness of built-in LED lighting or activate reflective materials for enhanced visibility in low-light conditions. Reference Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. S. (2018). Light-Responsive Smart Textiles Based on Liquid Crystal Networks for Smart Clothing Applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 28(20), 1704881.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA
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Embracing Warmth Heating Elements in Cold
Weather Apparel
S No. Sensors Image Reference
6. Carbon fiber heating elements consist of conductive carbon fibers woven or embedded into the fabric. When an electric current passes through them, they generate heat. A study on the use of carbon fiber heating elements Yang, S., Yuan, W., Wang, L. (2020). Design and Analysis of a Carbon Fiber Heating System for Textile Heating Applications. Materials, 13(18), 3920.
7. Metal wire heating elements, often made from nichrome or stainless steel, have high resistance. They heat up when an electric current passes through them. Research on metal wire heating elements Abbasi, M., Nahavandi, A., Haghbin, A., Abbasi, N. (2019). Development of a Nichrome Wire Heating System for Application in Textile Heated Clothing. Heat and Mass Transfer, 55(5), 1329-1341.
8. Polymer-based heating elements use conductive polymers or coatings that generate heat when an electric current is applied. A study on polymer-based heating elements Lin, S., Liu, L., Sun, B. (2019). Fabrication of Conductive Polymer Composite Fibers and Their Applications in Electrically Heated Textiles. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces, 11(26), 23354-23364
9. Infrared heating elements emit infrared radiation, which directly heats the body and objects without heating the surrounding air. Research on infrared heating elements Kim, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. S. (2019). Development of a Flexible Infrared Radiation Heating Element and Its Application in a Winter Sleeping Bag. Fibers and Polymers, 20(2), 353-360.
23
Biomechanics and Ergonomics

• Biomechanics and ergonomics play a crucial role
  in the design and functionality of extreme cold
  weathering clothing systems. These disciplines
  ensure that the clothing not only provides
  protection against harsh environmental conditions
  but also allows wearers to move comfortably and
  efficiently.

1. Range of Motion Biomechanics focuses on the
   study of human movement. It is essential that
   cold weather clothing allows wearers to maintain
   a full range of motion, as restricted movement
   can lead to discomfort and reduced performance,
   especially in extreme conditions.
2. Layering and Mobility Layering is a fundamental
   concept in cold weather clothing systems. The
   design should consider the ergonomics of layering
   to ensure that multiple layers can be worn
   without restricting movement or causing
   discomfort.
3. Fit and Sizing Proper sizing is critical to
   ensure that the clothing fits well without being
   too tight or too loose. Biomechanical principles
   can guide the design of clothing patterns and
   cuts to accommodate different body shapes and
   sizes while optimizing movement.
4. Fasteners and Zippers Ergonomically placed
   fasteners, such as zippers and buttons, should be
   easy to manipulate even when wearing gloves.
   These features ensure that wearers can adjust
   their clothing without exposing themselves too
   extreme cold.
5. Weight Distribution Biomechanics considers how
   weight is distributed across the body. In extreme
   cold weather clothing, features like
   well-designed hoods, adjustable straps, and
   integrated carrying systems help distribute the
   weight of gear evenly.
6. Protective Features Ergonomic design should
   incorporate protective features, such as
   reinforced areas in high-wear regions (e.g.,
   knees, elbows), to enhance durability and provide
   additional protection against the cold.

24
Beyond Warmth Prioritizing Mobility and
Performance
Here are some key considerations related to
mobility performance in ECWCS1. Articulated
Design ECWCS is typically designed with
articulated joints, such as raglan sleeves and
gusseted underarms, to allow for a full range of
motion. This design feature enables wearers to
move their arms and legs freely without the
clothing system binding or restricting their
movements. 2. Stretch Materials Incorporating
stretch fabrics or materials in critical areas,
such as the elbows, knees, and waist, can enhance
mobility further. These materials allow for
greater flexibility and comfort, especially when
engaging in activities that require bending or
crouching. 3. Layering Compatibility ECWCS is
often composed of multiple layers, including a
base layer, insulating layers, and an outer
shell. Ensuring that these layers work together
seamlessly is essential for maintaining mobility
while providing warmth and protection. Layering
should not hinder movement or create bulk that
restricts mobility. 4. Cuff and Hem Adjustments
Adjustable cuffs and hems in jackets and pants
allow wearers to customize the fit to their
needs. This feature is particularly important
when donning gloves, as it prevents drafts and
snow from entering the sleeves and pant legs. 5.
Fitted vs. Loose Fit The fit of ECWCS garments
can vary, with some items designed to have a more
relaxed or loose fit, while others have a closer,
athletic fit. The choice of fit depends on the
specific needs and preferences of the wearer. A
looser fit may be preferred when layering
multiple garments, while a fitted design can
reduce bulk and improve mobility.
25
Designing for Comfort Ergonomics in Cold Weather
Gear
1.Clothing and Gear Designa. Layering
Designing clothing systems that allow for
effective layering is crucial. Each layer should
serve a specific purpose, from moisture-wicking
base layers to insulating mid-layers and
protective outer shells. b. Fit and Mobility
Cold-weather clothing and gear should be designed
for ease of movement while providing adequate
insulation. Ergonomic designs include articulated
joints, gussets, and stretch materials to
maintain mobility. c. Accessibility
Ergonomically designed pockets and closures
should be easily accessible while wearing gloves
or mittens. d. Ventilation Clothing systems
should include ventilation options to prevent
overheating when physical activity generates heat.
2.Footweara. Insulation Cold-weather boots
should provide adequate insulation without
compromising comfort or mobility. b. Traction
The soles of cold-weather boots should offer
sufficient traction to prevent slips and falls on
icy or snowy surfaces. c. Ease of Use Ergonomic
design principles apply to lacing systems and
closures to ensure easy donning and doffing, even
with cold or gloved hands.
3.Hand Protectiona. Gloves and Mittens
Ergonomically designed gloves and mittens should
maintain dexterity while keeping hands warm.
4.Headgeara. Helmets and Hoods When wearing
helmets or hoods, ergonomic design should allow
for full head movement and peripheral vision
while providing protection against the cold and
wind.
26
Bio-Inspired Design Nature's Cold Adaptations
Bio-inspired design, also known as biomimicry or
biologically inspired design, is an approach that
draws inspiration from nature and natural
processes to create innovative solutions to human
problems. This design methodology involves
studying biological systems, such as plants,
animals, and ecosystems, and emulating their
principles, strategies, and structures to solve
engineering, technological, and design
challenges. Here are some key aspects and
examples of bio-inspired design1. Learning
from NatureBio-inspired design starts with a
deep understanding of biological systems and
processes. This may involve studying the
behavior, anatomy, and physiology of organisms,
as well as their adaptations to specific
environments. 2. Imitation and
AdaptationDesigners aim to mimic or adapt the
strategies, functions, and mechanisms found in
nature to create new products, technologies, or
systems. This can involve the use of
biomaterials, bioengineering techniques, and
bioinformatics. 3. SustainabilityBiomimicry
often leads to more sustainable solutions. Nature
has evolved over billions of years to optimize
efficiency and reduce waste. By imitating these
natural systems, designers can develop products
and processes that are more environmentally
friendly.
27
Technology and Innovation in Extreme Cold Weather
Gear
Materials New materials are being developed
that are lighter, warmer, and more durable than
traditional materials. For example, aerogel is a
synthetic material that is extremely lightweight
and insulative, making it ideal for extreme cold
weather gear.
Construction New construction methods are also
being used to create extreme cold weather gear
that is more waterproof, windproof, and
breathable. For example, seamless construction
helps to prevent leaks and drafts, while bonded
seams provide additional strength and durability.
Ororo Heated Vest This vest features four
carbon fiber coils that heat up the back, neck,
and chest of the wearer. It is powered by a
rechargeable battery and can provide up to 10
hours of warmth on a single charge.
Heating technology Heating technology is also
being used to develop extreme cold weather gear
that can keep the wearer warm even in the coldest
conditions. For example, heated vests, jackets,
and gloves can be powered by batteries or
rechargeable batteries.
DRDO Extreme Cold Weather Clothing System
(ECWCS) This three-layer clothing system is
designed to protect the wearer in temperatures
down to -50 Celsius. It is made from lightweight
and durable materials and innovative features,
such as a built-in ventilation system and a
water-resistant outer layer.
28
Sustainability in Extreme Cold Weather Clothing
1.Eco-Friendly MaterialsChoose sustainable and
environmentally friendly materials for ECWC, such
as recycled, organic, or renewable fabrics and
insulating materials.Consider the environmental
impact of material production, including water
and energy usage.
2.Recyclable and Biodegradable ComponentsDesign
ECWC components to be easily recyclable or
biodegradable at the end of their lifespan. This
reduces the environmental impact of
disposal.Explore innovative materials that break
down naturally without harming the environment.
3.Durable ConstructionPrioritize durability in
the design and construction of ECWC to extend the
lifespan of the garments. Durable clothing
reduces the need for frequent replacements and
minimizes waste.Reinforce high-wear areas to
prevent premature wear and tear.
4.Repairability and UpgradabilityMake ECWC
items easy to repair and upgrade. Provide users
with repair kits and instructions to extend the
useful life of the gear.Offer customization
options for users to adapt their clothing to
changing needs, reducing the need for new
purchases.
5.Modularity and LayeringImplement a modular
design approach that allows users to replace
individual components (e.g., liners or shells)
rather than the entire garment. This reduces
waste and allows for more tailored solutions
based on specific needs.
29
Eco-Friendly Manufacturing Practices
Here are some eco-friendly manufacturing
practices that can be implemented in the
production of ECWCS
1.Waste Reduction and RecyclingImplement waste
reduction strategies, such as optimizing pattern
cutting to minimize fabric waste.Set up
recycling programs within manufacturing
facilities to manage waste materials more
responsibly.
2.Packaging SustainabilityUse eco-friendly
packaging materials, such as recycled cardboard
or biodegradable options, to reduce the
environmental impact of shipping and packaging
ECWCS products.
3.Renewable Energy SourcesTransition
manufacturing facilities to renewable energy
sources, such as solar or wind power, to reduce
reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse
gas emissions.
4.Lean ManufacturingAdopt lean manufacturing
principles to optimize production processes,
reduce excess inventory, and minimize
waste.Continuous improvement practices can lead
to more efficient and sustainable production.
5.Supplier SustainabilityCollaborate with
suppliers who prioritize sustainable practices,
ethical labor, and eco-friendly
materials.Encourage transparency and
traceability in the supply chain to ensure
responsible sourcing.
30
Sustainability in Extreme Cold Weather Clothing
Here are some sustainable materials and practices
that can help minimize the environmental
footprint of ECWCS and similar products 1.
Recycled Fabrics Incorporate recycled materials
into the production of ECWCS. For example,
recycled polyester and nylon are commonly used in
outdoor gear, including cold-weather
clothing.Use post-consumer or post-industrial
recycled materials to reduce waste and the need
for virgin resources. 2. Organic Fibers Choose
organic cotton or other organic fibers for base
layers and inner linings of ECWCS. Organic
farming practices reduce the use of synthetic
chemicals and promote soil health.Seek
certification from recognized organizations, such
as GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), to
verify the organic status of materials. 3.
Renewable and Plant-Based Materials Explore
plant-based materials like Tencel (Lyocell),
which is derived from sustainably sourced wood
pulp. Tencel is known for its softness,
moisture-wicking properties, and
biodegradability.4. Natural Insulation Use
natural insulation materials like wool for
mid-layers or linings in ECWCS. Wool is
biodegradable, renewable, and offers excellent
insulation properties.Look for wool from
sustainable and ethical sources and consider
certifications like Responsible Wool Standard
(RWS). 5. Hemp Fabric Hemp is a sustainable
crop that requires minimal water and pesticides
to grow. Hemp fabric can be used in various
components of ECWCS, such as outer shells or
accessories.
31
Military, Defence and other Applications
Here are some applications and aspects related to
ECWCS in military and defense contexts1.Cold
Weather Operations ECWCS is primarily designed
for use in cold weather environments, where
maintaining body temperature and protecting
against the elements is critical for military
personnel. It is commonly used in training
exercises and deployments to regions with cold
climates. 2.Layering System ECWCS is known for
its layering system, which allows soldiers to
adjust their clothing based on the temperature
and activity level. The system typically includes
multiple layers, such as base layers, insulation
layers, and outer shells, that can be worn
together or separately as needed. 3.Camouflage
In addition to its cold-weather functionality,
ECWCS garments often come in camouflage patterns
to help soldiers blend into their surroundings.
This is important for concealment during military
operations. 4.Durability and Reliability
Military clothing and equipment must be durable
and reliable, especially in harsh environments.
ECWCS is designed to meet these criteria, with
reinforced stitching and materials that can
withstand rough use.
32
Protecting Personnel in Severe Cold Environments
Protecting personnel in severe cold environments
is essential to prevent cold weather injuries and
illnesses. Here are some tips
1. Dress in layers 2. Choose clothing that is
made from breathable materials 3. Make sure that
your clothing is waterproof and windproof 4.
Remove layers of clothing as needed 5. Stay
hydrated 6. Avoid alcohol and caffeine 7. Use
a buddy system 8. Be aware of the wind chill 9.
Take care of your equipment 10. Provide adequate
training and education 11. Develop and implement
cold weather safety policies and procedures 12.
Provide cold weather clothing and equipment 13.
Monitor weather conditions
33
Advanced Technologies for Soldiers
1. Moisture-Wicking Fabrics ECWCS base layers
often feature advanced moisture-wicking fabrics
that efficiently move sweat away from the skin.
This technology helps keep soldiers dry,
preventing moisture from causing discomfort and
potentially leading to hypothermia.
2. Thermal Insulation Advanced insulation
materials, including synthetic high-loft
insulations like PrimaLoft and eco-friendly
alternatives, are used provide superior warmth
while minimizing bulk and weight. These
insulations retain heat even when wet, a critical
feature for cold environments.
3. Electrically Heated Garments Some versions of
ECWCS include electrically heated elements
integrated into specific garments, such as
gloves, jackets, or pants. These heated
components allow soldiers to regulate their body
temperature more precisely and stay warm in
extreme cold.
4.Antimicrobial and Odor-Resistant Treatments
Base layers in ECWCS often feature antimicrobial
and odor-resistant treatments. These technologies
inhibit bacterial growth, reducing odors and
extending the usability of clothing without
frequent washing.
34
Health and Wellness Benefits
It can indirectly offer several health and
wellness benefits to individuals using it in
various settings1.Temperature Regulation
ECWCS is designed to help maintain the body's
core temperature by providing insulation and
protecting against cold and damp conditions.
Maintaining a stable core temperature is
essential for overall health, as extreme cold can
lead to hypothermia and related health
issues. 2.Moisture Management The
moisture-wicking properties of ECWCS clothing
help keep the body dry by drawing sweat away from
the skin. This is important for preventing
conditions like frostbite, chilblains, and skin
irritation that can occur in cold and wet
environments. 3.Reduced Risk of Cold-Related
Illnesses Wearing ECWCS gear in cold weather
reduces the risk of cold-related illnesses, such
as the common cold, flu, and respiratory
infections, by minimizing exposure to extreme
cold and dampness. 4.Comfort and Well-Being
Staying warm and dry in cold conditions improves
comfort and overall well-being. When people are
comfortable, they are more likely to engage in
outdoor activities, exercise, and enjoy nature,
which can have positive effects on mental and
emotional health.
35
Enhancing Physical Well-Being
Improving circulation Cold weather can cause
blood vessels to constrict, which reduces
circulation. ECWCS help to improve circulation by
keeping the body warm. This is important for
preventing muscle cramps, soreness, and other
problems.
Reducing muscle tension Cold weather can also
cause muscles to tighten up. ECWCS help to reduce
muscle tension by keeping the muscles warm and
relaxed. This can improve flexibility and range
of motion and reduce the risk of injury.
Improving mood and energy levels Cold weather
can make people feel tired and sluggish. ECWCS
help to improve mood and energy levels by keeping
the body warm and comfortable.
36
Promoting Mental Health in Extreme Cold
Get regular exercise Exercise releases
endorphins, which have mood-boosting effects. Aim
for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity
exercise most days of the week.
Eat a healthy diet Eating a healthy diet can
help to improve mood and energy levels. Focus on
eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains.
Behavioral health professionals  The military
has behavioral health professionals, such as
psychologists and social workers, who can provide
counseling and support to soldiers.
Providing training on mental health Soldiers
are trained on mental health and how to identify
and deal with mental health challenges.
Improved comfort and well-being Good and warm
clothing can help soldiers to feel more
comfortable and well-being in extreme cold
weather. This can lead to a more positive mental
attitude and outlook.
37
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Extended Cold Weather Clothing
System (ECWCS) represents a critical component of
cold weather gear for individuals working or
recreating in extreme cold environments. This
versatile clothing system has evolved over the
years to provide essential protection against
harsh weather conditions while optimizing
mobility and comfort.
It is a remarkable achievement in the realm of
cold weather gear, offering a comprehensive
solution to the unique challenges posed by
extreme cold environments. Designed to protect
individuals working, adventuring, or serving in
the harshest of conditions, ECWCS embodies a
blend of cutting-edge technology, sustainable
practices, and ergonomic considerations that
collectively contribute to its effectiveness and
reliability.
ECWCS is more than just a collection of garments
it is a system carefully engineered to provide
users with adaptable, versatile, and durable
protection in the most demanding cold weather
scenarios. If you are serious about safety and
performance in cold weather, then an ECWCS is an
essential investment. ECWCS can help you to stay
warm, comfortable, and safe in even the most
extreme conditions.
38
Future Work (Our Proposal)
39
Poster
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