Title: Nationalism in India
1Development of Indian Nationalism and Independence
2Defining Nationalism and Causes of Nationalism in
India
3Nationalism the loyalty to a group with whom
one shares a common history, culture, and/or
religion.
4Nationalism is
1the desire to achieve political independence,
especially by a country under foreign control or
by a people with a separate identity and culture
but no state of their own 2proud loyalty and
devotion to a nation 3excessive or fanatical
devotion to a nation and its interests, often
associated with a belief that one country is
superior to all others.
5Causes of Indian Nationalism
- Discontent with British rule
- India unified
- Leadership
- Common language
- New print culture
- Nationalist orgs.
6Political Nationalism
- Desire for ? political freedoms
- suffrage
- ? Indians in government
- independence
7Cultural Nationalism
- Development of Indian cultural identity
- Rewrite histories
- Hinduism
- math/sciences
- art
8FACTORS ENABLING BRITAIN TO DOMINATE INDIA
- By 1763 Britain had driven its chief European
rival, France, from India and Britain expanded . - The British conquest was facilitated by India's
backwardness and disunity. - 1. Military Inferiority.
- The Indians could not cope with the superior
British military knowledge, training, and
equipment. - 2. Many Languages.
- The people of India were divided linguistically
among more than a dozen main languages and over
200 dialects. - Their many tongues reflected geographic and
cultural separation. - 3. Religious Divisions.
- Majority religion was Hindu, 20 of the nation
was Muslim - Hindu and Muslims constantly were fighting each
other
9FACTORS ENABLING BRITAIN TO DOMINATE INDIA
- 4 Economic Control. Britain profited greatly
from India, called the "brightest jewel of the
British Empire." - - British manufacturers and workers depended
upon India to purchase their textiles and
machines. - 5. Social Control. The British had little
respect for the native Indian culture,
particularly the barbaric practices of - slavery,
- suttee or sati(the Hindu custom of burning the
widow on the funeral pyre of her deceased
husband), and - female infanticide (killing unwanted baby girls).
10Beginnings of Indian Nationalism
11- Nationalism in India began in the 1800s.
- Indians did not like being under British colonial
rule because - They were treated badly
- British got the best jobs
- British got the best education
- Indian craftsmen were not
- allowed to run traditional
- businesses because they
- would compete with
- British businesses.
12First Indian Nationalists
- Were upper class
- Were English educated
- Many of them from urban areas like Bombay,
Madras, and Calcutta - Some were trained in British law
- Some were members of the civil service
- Many preferred reform to revolution
13Beginnings of Indian Nationalism
- The new Indian middle classes slowly grew tired
of the injustice of British rule - The new nationalists wrote in both English and
their regional languages and turned to aspects of
Indian tradition, especially Hinduism, as a
rallying ground for national pride - Ignored or overlooked Muslim leaders
14 Indian Nationalism
- During the years of British rule, a class of
western-educated Indians emerged who dreamed of
ending imperial rule
In 1835, Thomas Macaulay articulated the goals of
British colonial imperialism most succinctly "We
must do our best to form a class who may be
interpreters between us and the millions whom we
govern, a class of persons Indian in blood and
colour, but English in taste, in opinions, words
and intellect."
15Preserving Indian Culture
16Acts to Preserve Indian Culture
- Indian teachers, writers, and journalists wanted
to preserve their own culture. - In the early 1800s, when the British established
a college in Calcutta, a publishing house was
opened too. - It published Western books, but also books on
Indias ancient language of Sanskrit and
dictionaries and grammar books for many of the
Indian languages. - This spread to other regions of India and led to
writers searching for the Indian identity in
modern novels and poetry. - Indians began writing historical romances and
epics and usually in their own regional language.
17Example of Preserving Culture Tagore
18Rabindranath Tagore
- Most illustrious Indian author---great writer and
poet - Was a social reformer, spiritual leader,
educator, philosopher, and international
spokesperson on morality - His lifes mission was to promote pride in Indian
culture in the face of British domination - He wrote a widely popular novel in which he
portrayed the love-hate relationship of Indians
towards Britain. - Reflected how Indian people struggled with
defining their identity as they admired and
imitated the British, but lost some of their
Indian traditions - Wanted world peace and a union of the East and
West
19Tagore
- Strove to have a balance between Western
influence and ancient customs - He was respected and followed by both British
colonizers and Indians for his work - Friend of Gandhi
- Preferred to stay out of politics
20Rabindranath Tagore
- It is my conviction that my countrymen will
truly gain their India by fighting against the
education that teaches them that a country is
greater than the ideals of humanity.
21Tagore
- Bigotry tries to keep truth safe in its hand
with a grip that kills it.
22Preserving Indian Culture Another Example
---Nationalist Newspapers
23Nationalist Newspapers
- Printed in various regional Indian languages
- Common medium used to arouse mass support for the
nationalist causes - The newspapers reached the lower middle
class---tens of thousands of Indians who did not
know English - Examples
- Kesari or The Lion Newspaper---journalist Tilak
used innuendo to convey negative feelings about
the British without writing anything directly
disloyal - Swadeshamitram or The Friend of Our
Nation---editor organized literary meetings to
discuss poetry and politics
24Ram Mohun Roy and Indian Nationalism
25Combined Western and Indian Ideas
- Ram Mohun Roy combined both views and because of
his influence, he is often hailed as the founder
of Indian nationalism
This statue of Raja Rammohun Roy stands outside
Bristol Cathedral.
26The Rise of Indian Nationalism
- Groups in India found British rule deeply
disturbing - Indian elites and middle classes lacked
opportunities - Indians had little power to influence decisions
at higher levels of government
Initial requests of the Congress to British were
modest, such as more positions for Indians in the
ICS, and better representation on government
councils.
27Nationalism Surfaces in India
- Calls for Reforms
- In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization
movement - Many Indians adopt western ways and call for
social reforms - Indians resent being second-class citizens in
their own country.
28Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Sought to counter the criticisms of Hinduism made
by the British missionaries - Founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 as a new
religion with Christian-style services. - Encouraged Indians to be egalitarians----to move
away from the caste system and accept that all
people are equal - Encouraged Indians to do more social services for
the poor and to reject the belief that their
suffering was okay due to karma and dharma
29Ram Mohun Roy (1772-1833)
- well-educated Indian who began a campaign to
modernize India - he was opposed to Indias caste system (social
class system that ties a person to the social
class they are into for life based on Hindu
beliefs) - opposed to child marriages and widow suicides
- believed these practices needed to be changed if
India wanted to be free from rule by outsiders
30Ram Mohun Roy (1772-1833)
- other Indian writers picked up on Roys ideas and
called for changes
- Indian resented being second-class citizens in
their own country
- Indians were paid 20 times less than British
- Indians could not hold top jobs in government
31Impact of Ram Roy Independence Organizations
Formed
- Muslim League
- Comprised of Middle Class professionals and
lawyers educated in England - Members Muslim
- Wanted independence for India and creation of 2
countries India and Pakistan
- Indian National Congress
- Comprised of Middle Class professionals and
lawyers educated in England - Majority of members Hindu
- Wanted greater self-government for Indians in
India
32Indian National Congress
33Indian National Congress (INC)
- Due to the slow pace of British reform in India,
many of the nationalists became convinced that
relying on British good will was a lost cause - 1885---a small group of Indians met in Bombay and
formed the Indian National Congress - It did not immediately call for independence, but
for a share in the governing process
34Indian National Congress
- Had problems due to religious differences between
Muslims and Hindus members - INC sought independence for all Indians
regardless of class or religions - But its leaders were Hindus and not Muslims
- INC reflected more Hindu concerns
35Indian National Congress 1885
- Made up of Hindus called for self-government
- upset that Britain segregated Bengal (Indian
city) into Muslim section and Hindu section in
1905
- INC led acts of violence against British in
Bengal
- 1911 Britain changed the order of segregation
36The Indian National Congress
- 1885 ? The Indian National Congress
was founded in Bombay. - swaraj ? independence. the goal of the
movement.
37Indian National Congress
- Goals Democracy, Local Self-Rule, Prevent mass
peasant uprising (like China) by keeping power
centered on middle class leaders.
38Example for Indian National Congress Gandhi and
Jawaharlal Nehru
39Mohandas Gandhi
- Studied law in England, practiced in South Africa
- Joined the INC before WWI
- Became leader of the INC because he was better
able to relate to the problems of the common
people - Believed in the idea of non-violent resistance
(Satyagraha)
40Nehru
- Joined the INC in 1930s
- New kind of Indian politician---upper class and
intellectual - Differed from Gandhi who was more religious and
traditional, while Nehru was secular, Western,
and modern
41Nehru
- Jawaharlal Nehru. Also a high-caste Hindu
educated in Britain, - - Nehru was a practical political leader with
socialist leanings. - - He accepted Gandhi's ideas of passive
resistance and aiding untouchables, but he
rejected Gandhi's proposal for hand production. - - Instead, Nehru urged industrialization to
develop India's economy and raise living
standards.
42Muslim League
43The Muslim League
- 1905 ? partition of Bengal based on
religions and languages. - 1906 ? creation of the Muslim
League.
44Muslim League
- Strongest support came from Muslims who were
frightened of Hindu domination - But many Muslims were also members of the Indian
National Congress too - Initially the Muslim League focused on protesting
Muslim rights and promoting understanding between
the different religious groups - There was no notion of creating a separate state
for Muslims until the 1920s when the religious
differences developed
45Muslim League 1906
- also called for self-government
- also participated in acts of violence against
British in India
- also upset about segregation of Bengal in1905
46The Muslim League Forms
- Goals
- Protect the interests, liberties and rights of
Muslims - Promote an understanding between the Muslim
community and other Indians - discourage
violence. - Educating the Muslim and Indian community at
large on the actions of the government
47Indian Nationalism Grows
- Indian National Congress (Hindus)/Muslim League
(Muslims) Found Common Ground - Both worked together towards Indian Independence
48Example Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Muslim League
49Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Leader of the Muslim League who pushed for a
separate country for Muslim Indians.
50Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- A. Middle Class lawyer educated in Britain
- B. First supported Hindu-Muslim Unity called
Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity - C. Proposed Lucknow Pact
51Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- D. Disagreement with Gandhi led to Muslim-
Congress split - E. Jinnah began to fear Hindu domination of
Congress A Hindu Raj - F. Began to support the idea for an independent
Muslim homeland, Pakistan or land of the pure.
52Mohammed Ali Jinnah
- was an Indian politician who successfully
campaigned for an independent Pakistan and became
its first leader. - He is known as 'Quaid-I Azam' or 'Great Leader
- He joined the Indian National Congress, but left
to fight for an independent Pakistan for the
newly formed Muslim League. - Jinnah had always believed that Hindu-Muslim
unity was possible, but reluctantly came to the
view that partition was necessary to safeguard
the rights of Indian Muslims. - Jinnah became the first governor general of
Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11
September 1948 - .
53Muhammed Ali Jinnah
- Became leader of the Muslim League
- Put forward his 14 Points in 1929 to try to make
a compromise with the INC - Some of the points were
- Muslim representation should not be less than 1/3
in the legislative branch - Representation of minorities should have separate
electorates - The Constitution should provide safeguards
- Protect the Muslim culture
- But the INC rejected these points and pushed for
his exile
54Impact of the Government of India Act
- Widened the gulf between the INC and the Muslim
League - In 1938, Jinnah met with Gandhi, Nehru, and other
leaders of the INC and insisted that the INC
recognize the Muslim League as the sole party of
Indias Muslims - Gandhi and the INC refused and the split between
the two groups became permanent
55Jinnah
56Role of Gandhi
57This political cartoon shows Gandhi putting all
of his focus on India while creating chaos in
India.
58Message to the Masses
- According to Gandhi, what are his three goals to
win independence from Great Britain?
1. Hindu-Muslim Unity
2. Must end untouchability
3. Must defy the British Not through violence
59Influences on Gandhi
60GANDHIS DOCTRINE (BELIEFS)
AHIMSA
- ______________ nonviolence reverence for all
life - CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE refusal to obey unjust laws
61Gandhis Influences
- Hindu religion and Jainism ahimsa
- Christs teaching to love ones enemy
- Henry David Thoreaus philosophy of civil
disobedience
62Fusion of Hindu Traditions and Western Thought
- Followed Hindu religious
- practices (no meat) and
- beliefs (Polytheistic)
- Wore traditional Hindu
- clothes ________
HINDU
Dhoti
63Fusion of Hindu Traditions and Western Thought
WESTERN
- _______________ _______________
- Fought for rights for
- untouchables
- Fought for womens rights
NATIONALISM
DEMOCRACY
64Satyagraha
65Mahatma Gandhi
- His strategy to gain Indias freedom was
SATYAGRAHA or truth force---the application of
righteous and moral force in politics - What we now call Civil Disobedience
- It required non-violence based on Hindu
principles and the belief in the ultimate
goodness of the soul - Requires a core group of self-sacrificing and
disciplined activists - To be successful, it must have widespread
publicity that generates national concern and
international pressure for change
66Gandhis Ideas and Methods
- Satyagraha protesting without using violence in
order to win the enemy over
67Satyagraha
- As part of Satyagraha, a Sanskrit term translated
as insistence upon truth, Gandhi promoted civil
disobedience campaigns and organized a strike
among Indian miners. - The term "satyagraha" was coined and developed by
Mahatma Gandhi. - He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence
movement and also during his earlier struggles
in South Africa for Indian rights. - Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's
struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin
Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil
rights movement in the United States, and many
other social justice and similar movements. - Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
68Gandhi and Nonviolence
- Gandhi named this power satyagraha (reality
force or holding onto truth). - Gandhi made use of every nonviolent technique
imaginable. - These techniques included marches, hunger
strikes, and demonstrations.
69Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
- Gandhi preached/practiced Civil Disobedience
- deliberate and public refusal to obey any unjust
law - rebellion without violence
- 1920 Indian National Congress officially adopts
Gandhis policy as a means to push for
independence
70Gandhi
- Nonviolence is the first article of my faith.
It is also the last article of my creed.
71Instructions to Satyagrahis
- Harbor no anger, but suffer the anger of the
opponent. Do not return assaults - Do not submit to an order given in anger
- Refrain from insults and swearing
- Protect the opponents from insult or attack, even
at the risk of life - If taken prisoner, behave in an exemplary manner
- Obey the orders of the satyagraha leaders
72Steps in a Satyagraha Campaign
- Negotiation and arbitration
- Preparation of the group for direct action
- Agitation
- Issuing an ultimatum
- Economic boycott and forms of strike
- Non-cooperation
- Civil Disobedience
- Usurping the functions of the government
- Parallel Government
73Civil Disobedience
- Passive resistance is a method of securing
rights by personal suffering it is the reverse
of resistance by arms.For instance, the
Government of the day has passed a law which is
applicable to me. I do not like it. If by using
violence I force the Government to repeal the
law, I am employing what may be termed
body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept
the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It
involves sacrifice of self.
74Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
- Gandhis Plan for Civil Disobedience
- Refuse to buy British goods
- Refuse to attend British schools
- Refuse to pay British taxes
- Refuse to vote in elections
- Indians weave their own
- cloth (to put British textile factories
- out of business)
75Impact of Rowlatt Acts and Amritsar Massacre on
Gandhi
76Growing Unrest from the British Empire
- Indian nationalists demand freedom in 1919,
hoping their cooperation from WWI would grant
them freedom - G.B. responded by limiting their freedom of
press, furthermore General Dyer banned their
rights to public gatherings after 5 British
officials were killed
77Unrest continued
- April 13th, 1919 the Amritsar Massacre
- 10,000 Indians gather for protest in northwestern
India, General Dyer and his troops open fire - 379 dead, 1100 wounded
- The incident increased violence from both sides
and led to the distrust of G.B.
78Amritsar Massacre 1919
- Peaceful demonstration against British
- Resulted in over 300 deaths
- Convinced Gandhi that cooperation with the
British was impossible
79Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)
- Amritsar Massacre set the stage for Mohandas
Gandhi to become leader of the Indian
Independence Movement
80Other Issues Gandhi Fought For
81Gandhis Appeal to Masses
- He gained appeal by drawing on the rich heritage
of India - He gave up western ways and encouraged
traditional Indian industries such as spinning
cotton - Gandhi dressed simply in white garments much like
the Indias poor people - He stressed morals and ways of life such as
virtue, self-discipline, fasting, and being a
vegetarian which are all values of devout Hindus - Mahatma or Great Soul became his name
- The Mahatma wanted reforms for the lower castes
and political power for Muslims
82Equality for Caste and Women
- Gandhi fought to improve conditions for women and
untouchables in India
83Equality for Women
- At this time, ideas on womens participation in
the nationalist movement grew out of commonly
held cultural beliefs on the nature of Indian
women as essentially self-sacrificing and thus
ideally suited to non-violent protest. - Emphasizing these feminine qualities and their
role as mothers, specifically as mothers of the
nation, empowered women to find places in the
public arena of protest. - Gandhi and other nationalist leaders believed
women were specifically well-suited to spread a
message of non-violence and to bear the hardships
of protest. - The emphasis on the essential nature of the
Indian woman created a new place for women in
public life, a new self-view, where women could
become agents of change in public spaces.
84Hindu Women as Freedom Fighters
- Sarojini Naidu, the Nightingale of India?
- Broke social taboos, had an intercaste marriage
- Gifted poetess and author, wrote a 4000 line
Persian play when she was 14 yrs - Injected humor in Indias freedom movement
(called Gandhiji a mickey mouse and Nehru a
handsome prince) - Many other Hindu women fought for freedom, eg.
Sucheta Kriplani, Kasturba Gandhi
85Gandhi on Roles of Women
- I have suggested...that woman is the incarnation
of ahimsa. Ahimsa means infinite love, which
again means infinite capacity for suffering. Who
but woman, the mother of man, shows this capacity
in the largest measure? She shows it as she
carries the infant and feeds it during nine
months and derives joy in the suffering
involved...Let her transfer that love to the
whole of humanity...And she will occupy her proud
position by the side of man as his mother, maker
and silent leader. It is given her to teach the
art of peace to the warring world thirsting for
that nectar. She can become the leader in
satyagraha which does not require the stout heart
that comes from suffering and faith.
86Gandhi and Ending Caste System
87Gandhi and Ending the Caste System
- Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
- Mahatma was from the Vaishya varna.
- Published magazines and advocated for the
Untouchables.
- Other leaders that tried to end the caste system
are - Buddha
- Nehru
88- 1934-Collecting money for Harijan Fund at
Bhavnagar
89- 1934 - With Harijan Children
90- 1940 - At a Harijan Marriage in Sevagram
91- 1944 - Collecting Money for Harijan Fund in Pune
92- In 1933 Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days to
draw attention to the treatment of the very
poorest people in India, who he called The
Children of God.
93Hindu-Muslim Unity and Gandhi
94Hindu-Muslim Unity
- Indian first, Muslim or Hindu second
- Gandhi often fasted to end Hindu-Muslim conflict
95- No country has ever risen without being
purified through the fire of suffering. Mother
suffers so her child may live. The condition of
wheat-growing is that the grain shall perish.
Life comes out of death. Will India rise out of
her slavery without fulfilling this eternal law
of purification? - --Mahatma Gandhi
961920-1922 First Satyagraha in India
97Gandhis First Satyagraha
- 1919, Amritsar Massacre
- 1920, Gandhis first satyagraha. Designed to
make the British rule in India non-functional
through a complete non-violent boycott - Many were jailed by the British
- Cancelled due to violence
98Civil Disobedience
- 1922 Indian rioters attacked a police station and
set officers on fire!
- Many British businesses went out of business in
India
- British arrested Indians who protested and
boycotted
99British Reaction 1922
- As time passed they realized the threat that
Gandhi posed. - In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and charged
with sedition ( encouraging others to disobey the
law). - The case against Gandhi was clear cut. He
himself had written about non-co-operation and
the law. - Non-co-operation aims at the overthrow of the
government and is legally seditious (Gandhi,
Young India 1922 ) - Gandhi pleaded guilty. The trial gave Gandhi the
opportunity to publicize his views. - In sentencing Gandhi, the judge admitted that he
was a special case. - Nevertheless, Gandhi was sentenced to six years
prison! He did not serve the whole sentence. - After two years he fell ill with appendicitis
was operated upon- and was later released. - The British did not wish Gandhi to die while he
was in prison.