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Title: scffolding traininf


1
Scaffolding
2
Topics of Discussion
  • Awareness
  • Types of Scaffolding
  • Scaffolding Basics
  • Erecting Scaffolds
  • Inspection of Scaffolds
  • Dos and Donts

Photo of Engelmann Gym scaffold (under
construction, fall 2005)
3
Anatomy of a Fall
  • Source Anatomy of a Fall diagram from
    Associated General Contractors of Wisconsin, 6th
    Annual State Risk Mgmt. Conference, Madison, 1998

4
Scaffolding Accident/Injury Statistics
  • An estimated 2.3 million construction workers, or
    65 of the construction industry, work on
    scaffolds frequently.
  • Protecting these workers from scaffold-related
    accidents would prevent 4,500 injuries and 50
    deaths per year.

2004 DOL Statistics
5
Fatalities in Construction (OSHA)
  • Fall Protection (3 methods)
  • Fall Prevention (e.g., guardrail system)
  • Work Positioning, secures you to a location, thus
    preventing a fall
  • Fall Arrest Systems, consisting of a full body
    harness, lanyard, and anchorage

6
Scaffolding
  • Scaffolding may not be
  • erected
  • moved
  • dismantled
  • altered
  • except by a competent person

7
Scaffolding
  • A registered professional engineer must design
    and certify scaffolds
  • with wood poles and over 60 feet in height
  • frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height
  • outrigger scaffolds plus scaffold erections
  • when intended loads exceed tube and coupler
    scaffold standard ratings

8
Types of Scaffolds
Types of Scaffolds
9
Supported Scaffolds
  • Ladder Jack
  • Pump Jack
  • Frame or Fabricated
  • Tube and Coupler
  • Mobile
  • Specialty
  • Pole

10
Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
11
Suspended Scaffolds
  • Two-Point
  • Single-Point Adjustable
  • Catenary
  • Multi-point Adjustable
  • Interior Hung
  • Needle Beam
  • Multi-Level
  • Float (ship)

12
Boatswains Chair
  • Seat slings must
  • Pass through four corner holes in the seat, 
  • Cross on the underside of the seat,
  • Be rigged to prevent slippage which could cause
    the chair to be out-of-level, and
  • Be at least 5/8 diameter fiber, synthetic, or
    other first-grade manila rope of equivalent
    criteria (strength, slip resistance, durability,
    etc.).

13
Specialty Scaffolds
Specialty Scaffolds are designed for a narrow and
very specific range of applications. Specialty
Scaffolds Include
  • Plasterers
  • Decorators', and other large-area scaffolds
  • Bricklayers' square scaffolds
  • Horse scaffolds
  • Outrigger scaffolds
  • Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds
  • Form and carpenter's bracket scaffolds
  • Window jack scaffolds
  • Crawling boards and chicken ladders
  • Roof bracket scaffolds.

14
Outrigger Scaffolds
  • Outrigger beams must be Secured in place to
    prevent movement, andSecurely braced at the
    fulcrum point to prevent tipping.

15
Tube and Couple Scaffolds
  • Klotsche natatorium HVAC renovation (Summer 2004)

16
Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
  • Medium Duty
  • Not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot
  • 8 foot longitudinal post spacing
  • 6 foot traverse post space
  • 1 work level
  • 6 additional planked levels
  • 125 feet maximum height
  • 2 work levels
  • 0 additional planked levels
  • 78 feet maximum height
  • Light Duty
  • Not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot
  • 10 foot longitudinal post spacing
  • 6 foot traverse post space
  • 1 work level
  • 8 additional planked levels
  • 125 feet maximum height
  • 2 work levels
  • 4 additional planked levels
  • 125 feet maximum height
  • 3 work levels
  • 0 additional planked levels
  • 91 feet maximum height
  • Heavy Duty
  • Not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot
  • 6 6 foot longitudinal post spacing
  • 6 foot traverse post spacing
  • 1 work level
  • 6 additional planked levels
  • 125 feet maximum height

17
Basics
  • Training Employers must train each employee who
    works on a scaffold on the procedures to control
    or minimize the hazards.
  • Inspections Before each work shift and after
    any occurrence that could affect the structural
    integrity, a competent person must inspect the
    scaffold and scaffold components for visible
    defects.

18
Basics
  • Fall protection (e.g. guardrails) required at a
    10 foot height above a lower level.
    1926.451(g)(1)
  • When erecting and dismantling supported
    scaffolds, a competent person must determine the
    feasibility of providing a safe means of access
    and fall protection for these operations

NOTE guardrails recommended at work platform
heights greater than 4 feet
19
Personal Safety Tips
20
Personal Safety Tips
21
Inspect Prior to Use
  • All equipment must be inspected to see that it is
    in good condition and serviceable.
  • Damaged or deteriorated equipment must not be used

22
Erecting Scaffolding
  • Erect plumb, square and rigid with all brace
    connections securely fastened

23
Tubular Welded-frame Scaffolds
  • Be sure scaffold stays plumb and level as
    erection progresses
  • For mobile scaffolds, use a horizontal diagonal
    brace, for stability, at the base and every 21
    feet in height.

24
Tubular Welded-Frame Scaffolds
  • Cross members must be locked together with cotter
    pins or equivalent
  • Safway scaffolds have G locks which open with
    slight pressure and lock automatically after
    guardrail slips into place

25
Overlap
  • Each plank on a continuous run scaffold must
    extend over its supports by at least 6 and
    overlap each other by at least 12

26

Guardrails and Toeboards
  • Guardrails and toeboards must be put on all open
    sides and ends of scaffolds 10 or higher
  • Screening required when materials are stacked
    higher than toeboard

27
Side and End Brackets
  • Side and end brackets are designed to support
    people ONLY.
  • Brackets are not to be used on rolling towers
  • Brackets introduce overturning and/or uplift
    forces.

28
Side and End Brackets
  • Do not store materials on side or end bracket
    platforms
  • Only store materials on scaffolds which are for
    immediate use
  • Do not overload platforms with materials.

29
Climbing
  • Do not climb on cross members or railings
  • Access ladders must be used attachable ladders
    must extend 3 feet above platform

30
Climb Safely
  • Face the rungs
  • Use both hands
  • Do not carry materials while you climb
  • Keep one hand firmly on frame or ladder at all
    times
  • Rungs and shoes should be clean to avoid slipping

31
Mobile Scaffolds
  • Height not to exceed 4 times the minimum base
    dimension
  • (Example, if base is 6 x 10, the maximum height
    is 24)
  • Planks must extend the full length of the
    scaffold
  • Do not ride on a mobile rolling tower scaffold
    while it is being moved.
  • Guardrails and toeboards required on all sides
    when over 10 feet

In California and some other states, height
must not exceed 3 times.
32
Mobile Scaffolds
  • All tools or other objects which could fall from
    the scaffold must be removed or secured before
    moving the scaffold
  • At each new location, the scaffold shall be put
    on firm ground and kept plumb
  • Manual force used to move the scaffold must be
    applied as close to the base as possible, but not
    more than 5 feet above the supporting surface.

33
Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
  • The load rating of the casters will limit the
    size, configuration, and load capacity of the
    rolling tower. Casters must be rated 4 times the
    maximum rated load of the scaffold
  • Caster and wheel stem shall be pinned, bolted or
    otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment
    screws.

34
Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffolds
  • Lock all casters before getting on a rolling
    tower.
  • Casters shall remain locked while in use

35
Upright Narrow Scaffold
  • Per instructions of the UpRight Narrow Scaffold,
    the platform height must not exceed 3 times the
    smaller base dimension unless scaffold is tied to
    the structure

36
Upright Narrow Scaffold read the labels
37
Upright Narrow Scaffold
38
Inspect Job Site
  • Inspect job site to determine ground conditions,
    strength of supporting structure, proximity to
    electric lines overhead obstructions
  • Compensate for uneven ground by using screw jacks
    base plates
  • Do not use unstable objects such as blocks, loose
    bricks and similar objects

39
Ties, Guys, Bracing
  • Scaffolds must be secured to the structure when
    the height exceeds 4 times the minimum base width
  • every 30 horizontal feet
  • every 20 feet or less (for scaffolds less than 3
    feet wide) or 26 vertical feet or less (for gt3
    feet wide)
  • Outriggers, if used, must be installed on both
    sides

40
Clearances
  • Any work where the tube could come into contact
    with the line would need to be 6 meters plus the
    Danger Zone distance relative to the voltage
    and nature of insulation in order that the
    scaffold tube cannot enter the Danger Zone

41
Clearances
Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines Minimum Clearances From Electrical Lines
Insulated Lines Insulated Lines
Less than 300 volts 3 feet
300 volts to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4 for each additional kv
Uninsulated Lines Uninsulated Lines
Up to 50 kv 10 feet
More than 50 kv 10 feet plus 4 for each additional kv
42
Peronsal Protective Equipment
  • What types of PPE should you use when working on
    or near a scaffold?
  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.

43
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
44
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
45
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
  • The concrete blocks are stacked six high, there
    are no base plates on some legs, scaffold legs
    are bearing on unstable objects, and there is
    improper/inadequate bracing.

Photo Text -- OSHA
46
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
  • This is a shore, or lean-to scaffold, and it is
    not permitted to be used per OSHA or ANSI.
  • In this photo, workers have a shore scaffold on
    top of another shore scaffold.
  • Access is unsafe both from above and below.
  • The only thing holding this scaffold up is the
    DUMPSTER!

Photo Text -- OSHA
47
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
48
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
49
Whats Wrong in This Picture?
  • The planks are not cleated or otherwise secured
    against displacement,
  • There are no guardrails, and
  • There is greater than a 14-inch gap between the
    building and the scaffold platform.

50
  • Where ladders end, plasterers clamber onto
    bundles of sticks that stud the Great Mosque.
    These serve as scaffolding --a grid of permanent
    perches.
  • Photograph by Sarah Leen, National Geographic,
    June 2001
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