Hilarymmanga

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Presentation on Decision making
MWENGE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
EDU 517 THEORIES AND PRACTICE IN EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION
BY OLIVERY SOSTHENES - T/MAS/2020/0020
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OBJECTIVE

• Introduction
• Principles of Decision Making
• Steps in Decision Making
• Conditions for DM
• Types of Decision Making
• Techniques used for decision making
• Advantages and disadvantages of decision making

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INTRODUCTION

• Decision A choice made between alternative
  courses of action in a situation of uncertainty.
• Making The process of applying the objectives in
  proper way.
• Decision making is defined as the process of
  specifying the nature of a particular problem and
  selecting among available alternative in order to
  solve it.(Taylor, 1976)
• Every organization is involved in decision making
• This is a responsibility of the administrator
• Decisions may be made by the leader alone or by
  involving his/her subordinates.

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Principles of Decision Making

• Effective decision involves two important
  aspects
• 1. The purpose for which it is intended, and
• 2. The environmental situation in which it is
  taken.
• Even the best and correct decision may become
  ineffective if these aspects are ignored because
  in decision-making there are so many inside and
  outside chains of unavoidable reactions.

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Steps In Decision Making

• Defining the Problem
• The first step towards a decision- making
  procedure is to define the problem. Obviously,
  there would be no need to make a decision
  without having a problem.
• So, the first thing one has to do is to state
  the underlying problem that has to be solved.
• You have to clearly state the outcome that you
  desire after you have made the decision.
• This is a good way to start, because stating
  your goals would help you in clarifying your
  thoughts.

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continued..
2. Develop Alternatives The next step after
defining the main problem would be to state out
the alternatives available for that particular
situation. Here, you do not have to restrict
yourself to think about the very obvious
options, rather you can use your creative skills
and come out with alternatives that may look a
little irrelevant. This is important because
sometimes solutions can come out from these
out-of-the-box ideas.
3.Evaluate the Alternatives This can be said to
be one of the most important stages of the
decision-making procedure. This is the stage
where you have to analyze each alternative you
have come up with. You have to find out the
advantages and disadvantages of each option.
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Continued.
4. Make the Decision This is the stage where
the hard work you have put in analyzing would
lead to a proper decision. The evaluation
process would help you with clearly looking at
the available options and you have to pick
whichever you think is the most applicable. You
can also club some of the alternatives to come
out with a better solution instead of just
picking out any one of them.
5. Implement the Solution The next obvious step
after choosing an option would be implementing
the solution. Just making the decision would not
give the result one wants. Rather, you have to
carry out on the decisions you have made.
6. Learn from feedback Managers should
consider what went right and wrong with the
decision and learn for the future. Without
feedback, managers never learn from experience
and might repeat the same mistake.
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Conditions for making decisions

• Decision making under
• certainty
• Also called Programmed decision making.
• When a manager knows exactly which state of
  nature will occur, a circumstances of certainty
  occur which means that the manager will be able
  to make perfectly accurate decisions.
• Deterministic model is used , where in all
  factors are assumed to be exact with chance
  playing no role.

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Decision making under uncertainty

• Also known as Nonprogrammed decision making.
• When there are many unknowns and no possibility
  of knowing what could occur in the future alter
  the outcome of a decision.

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Types of decision making

• Routine and strategic
• Policy and operating
• Programmed and Non-programmed
• Individual and group decisions
• Irreversible and Reversible
• Experimental
• Trial and Error
• Made in strategic
• Cautious
• Conditional
• Delayed

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Routine and strategic
Types of decision making

• Decisions are made repetitively following
  certain established rules, procedures and
  policies.
• They neither require collection of new data nor
  conferring with people.

• Policy decisions-making is the making of
  policies and the decisions are made by the Top
  level managers.
• Operating decisions are taken by lower
  management in order to put into action the
  policy decisions.

Policy and operating
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Programmed and Non- programmed
Types of decision making

• It allows time for contingencies and problems
  that may crop of later at the time of
  implementation.
• It helps to limit the risks that are inherent to
  decision making, although this may also limit
  the final gains.

• Decision taken by an individual in an
  organization is known as Individual Decision.
• Decisions taken by group of organizational
  members is known as Group Decision.

Individual and Group
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Irreversible and Reversible
Types of decision making

• Decisions that once made cannot be unmade is
  Irreversible Decision.
• Decisions that can be changed completely before,
  during or after agreed decisions begins is
  Reversible Decision.

Experimental Decisions

• Decisions is not final until the first results
  appear and prove themselves to be satisfactory.
• It requires positive feedback before one can
  decide on a course of action.

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Types of decision making

• In this type of decisions, knowledge is derived
  out of past mistakes.
• A certain course of action is selected and is
  tried out, if the results are positive, the
  action is carried further, if the results appear
  negative, another course is adopted and so on
  and so forth a trial is made and an error is
  occurred.

Trial and Error Decisions
Made in Stages Decisions

• Decisions are made in steps until the whole
  action is completed.
• It allows close monitoring of risks as one
  accumulates the evidence of outcomes and
  obstacles at every stage.

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Cautious Decisions
Types of decision making

• It allows time for contingencies and problems
  that may crop of later at the time of
  implementation.
• It helps to limit the risks that are inherent to
  decision making, although this may also limit
  the final gains.

• Such type of decisions can be altered if certain
  foreseen circumstances arises.
• It prepares one to react if the competition
  makes a new move or if the game plan changes
  radically.

Conditional Decisions
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Types of decision making

• Decisions are put on hold till the decision
  makers feel that the time is right.
• Prevents one from making a decision at the wrong
  time or before all the facts is known.

Delayed Decisions
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Advantages of Individual Decision Making
1. An individual generally makes prompt
decisions. While a group is dominated by various
people, making decision-making very time
consuming. 2. Individuals do not escape
responsibilities. They are accountable for their
acts and performance. 3. Individual decision
making saves time, money and energy as
individuals make prompt and logical decisions
generally. 3.Individual decisions are more
focused and rational as compared to group.
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Disadvantages of Individual Decision Making
1. A group has potential of collecting more and
full information compared to an individual while
making decisions. 2. An individual while making
any decision uses his own intuition and views.
3. A group discovers hidden talent and core
competency of employees of an organization. 4. An
individual will not take into consideration every
members interest. While a group will take into
account interest of all members of an
organization.
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Group Aided Decision

• When all the members or group of members
  collectively take the decision, it is known as a
  Group Decision.
• Features
• Used when problem is complicated.
• Time-consuming.
• Leads to higher quality

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1. Delphi Technique
Techniques used for Group Aided Decisions
Techniques used for Group Aided Decisions

• In this technique ,members don't have face to
  face interaction for decision making.
• Decisions are arrived at through written
  communication in
• the form of questionnaires and mails.
• 2.Nominal Group Technique
• It is structured group meeting which restricts the
  verbal communication among members.
• Developed to foster creativity and to overcome
  the tendency
• to criticize ideas when they are presented.

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3. Scenario Analysis
Techniques used for Group Aided Decisions

• Analysis of possible future conditions.
• Done by evaluating major environmental variables
  and by assessing the likely strategies of other
  significant factors such as formulating
  alternative scenarios.
• 4. Consensus making and Brainstorming
• Consensus making tries to pool the
  ideas generated by several task subgroups to
  arrive at a decision.
• Brainstorming is a creative technique of
  generating ideas
• to solve a problem.

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Importance of Decision Making
1. It Saves time and resources Decision making
saves time and resources for organization. 2. It
Cultivate and maintain the respect of others in
the workplace since subordinates are involved in
decision making. 3. It Improve productivity
decision making helps to make the right decision
which help to improve productivity of the
organization. 4. It Prevent mistakes and risks
to make decision is to avoid mistakes and risks
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Advantages of group decision making

• Gives More Information
• In decision making, there is a large number of
  peoples involved. It is undertaken by the whole
  group rather than by a single individual. Each
  person gives his perspective to handle a
  particular situation.
• Increase Peoples Participation
• Decision making in the organisation is done by a
  group of peoples working in the organisation.
  Each person actively participates in decision
  making of the organisation.
• Improves The Quality Of Decisions
• There are different experts engaged by
  organizations in their decision-making group.
  These peoples have through knowledge and creative
  thinking.
• Helps In Strengthening The Organisation
• It helps in improving the strength of the
  organisation. Everybody gets an equal right to
  take part in managing the organisation.

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Disadvantages of group decision making

• Costly
• Decision making is too expensive to process.
  Decision making in organisations involves
  different peoples for taking proper action which
  requires large efforts.
• Time-Consuming
• It takes times and efforts to plan, organize and
  coordinate different people for meeting and have
  quality discussions
• Individual Domination
• Few peoples may try to control the whole affairs
  and may dominate over whole discussions in
  meetings
• Ambiguous Responsibility
• In the case of individual decision making,
  responsibility is on a single person. But in the
  case of group decision making, the whole group is
  involved and responsibility is not clear. This
  reduces the scope of accountability to one
  person.  

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CONCLUSION

• Decision making is general pattern of action.
• It is found in rational administration of all
  functional and task areas in organization
• Making decision is one of the prime function of
  educational management.
• Employees prefer principals who involve them in
  decision making.
• Participation in decision making is very useful
  vehicle for organizational success

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THANK YOU