Sandra@1009 (2)

1
INFECTION CONTROL

• SANDRA JOHN
• MSC N

2
INFECTION CONTROL

• It is the discipline concerned with preventing
  nosocomial or health care associated infection.
• It is an essential part of the infrastructure of
  health care.
• Infection control addresses factors related to
  the spread of infections within the health care
  setting, including prevention, monitoring
  investigation of spread of infection within a
  particular health care setting and management.

3
OBJECTIVES OF INFECTION CONTROL

• To protect the patient and members of the
  hospital team from contracting infection during
  hospital procedures
• To implement a high standard of infection control
  when treating every patient
• To reduce the numbers of pathogenic micro
  organisms to the lowest possible level

4
STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE INFECTION CONTROL

• All patients must be screened
• Barriers for personal protection
• Careful aseptic technique
• Sterilization and disinfection
• Disposal of contaminated safely

5
IMPORTANCE OF INFECTION CONTROL

• Prevents post procedure infection
• Provide high quality safe services
• Prevents infection in service providers and other
  staff
• Protects the community from infection that
  originate from health care facilities
• Prevents the spread of antibiotic resistant MO
• Lowers the costs of health care services since
  prevention is cheaper than treatment

6
HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME

• Aim
• Dissemination of information
• Surveillance activities
• Investigation
• Prevention and control of nosocomial infections
  in the hospital

7
Effectiveness of infection control program

• Organised surveillance and control activities
• One infection control practitioner for every
  major health facility
• Appointing a trained hospital epidemiologist

8
Important components of the infection control
program

• Basic measures of infection control i.e standard
  and additional precautions
• Education and training of HCW
• Protection of HCW
• Identification of hazards and minimizing risks
• Routine practices essential to infection control
  such as aseptic techniques

9

• Use of single use devices, reprocessing of
  instruments and equipments
• Antibiotic usage, management of blood and body
  fluid exposure
• Surveillance
• Incident monitoring
• Outbreak investigation
• Infection control in specific situations
• Research
• Management of medical waste

10
Role of infection control

• Identify, investigate and monitor infections
  hazardous practice and procedures
• Participate in the preparation of documents
  relating to service specifications and quality
  standards
• Participate in training and educational programs
  and in membership of relevant committees where
  infection control input is needed

11

• Educate individuals and groups about the risk,
  prevention, transmission and control of
  infection, disease specific care, appropriate
  precautions and appropriate assessments.
• Investigate, manage and conduct surveillance of
  suspected and confirmed outbreaks of infection
• Maintain infection control standards and policies

12
Standard precautions

• Handwashing
• Barrier precautions
• Sharp disposal
• Handling of contaminated material

13
Additional transmission precautions

• Airborne
• Droplet
• Contact

14
Rehabilitation

• Any service or activity that can address or
  prevent the health related challenges or
  disabilities ( HIV)
• Research has shown that rehabilitation
  interventions like stress management, maintaining
  a healthy weight and regular exercise can prevent
  or reduce the severity of many diseases

15

• Helps people to manage their problems
• Provides support so that people can be included
  in their communities while continuing to live as
  independently as possible
• Services include physiotherapy, occupational
  therapy, speech therapy, language therapy,
  complimentary and alternative therapies such as
  AYUSH, yoga, acupuncture, meditation massage, and
  counselling therapies

16
Nursing procedures

• Handwashing techniques
• Moments of hand hygiene
• Isolation techniques
• Sterile techniques
• Standard precautions

17
Use of standard precautions

• Standard precautions apply to all patients
  regardless of their diagnosis or presumed
  infection status
• Blood (including dried blood)
• All other body fluids/substances (except sweat),
  regardless of whether they contain visible blood
• Non-intact skin
• Mucous membranes

18
Standard precautions consist of the following
practices

• Hand hygiene before and after all patient contact
• The use of personal protective equipment, which
  may include gloves, impermeable gowns, plastic
  aprons, masks, face shields and eye protection
• The safe use and disposal of sharps
• The use of aseptic non-touch technique for all
  invasive procedures, including appropriate use of
  skin disinfectants
• Reprocessing of reusable instruments and
  equipment
• Routine environmental cleaning
• Waste management
• Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
• Appropriate handling of linen

19
The following are the routes of transmission

• The type of TBPs applied is based upon the mode
  of transmission of the pathogen. For diseases
  that have multiple routes of transmission, more
  than one TBP category is applied.
• Airborne transmission, e.g., pulmonary
  tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles
• Droplet transmission, e.g., influenza, pertussis
  (whooping cough), rubella
• Contact transmission (direct or indirect), e.g.,
  viral gastroenteritis, Clostridium difficile,
  MRSA, scabies

20
Contact precautions

• Ensure appropriate patient placement in a single
  patient space or room if available in acute care
  hospitals. In long-term and other residential
  settings, make room placement decisions balancing
  risks to other patients. In ambulatory settings,
  place patients requiring contact precautions in
  an exam room or cubicle as soon as possible.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
  appropriately, including gloves and gown. Wear a
  gown and gloves for all interactions that may
  involve contact with the patient or the patients
  environment. Donning PPE upon room entry and
  properly discarding before exiting the patient
  room is done to contain pathogens.
• Limit transport and movement of patients outside
  of the room to medically-necessary purposes.
   When transport or movement is necessary, cover
  or contain the infected or colonized areas of the
  patients body. Remove and dispose of
  contaminated PPE and perform hand hygiene prior
  to transporting patients on Contact Precautions.
  Don clean PPE to handle the patient at the
  transport location.

21
Airborne precautions

• Source control put a mask on the patient.
• Ensure appropriate patient placement in an
  airborne infection isolation room
  (AIIR) constructed according to the Guideline for
  Isolation Precautions. In settings where Airborne
  Precautions cannot be implemented due to limited
  engineering resources, masking the patient and
  placing the patient in a private room with the
  door closed will reduce the likelihood of
  airborne transmission until the patient is either
  transferred to a facility with an AIIR or
  returned home.
• Restrict susceptible healthcare personnel from
  entering the room of patients known or suspected
  to have measles, chickenpox, disseminated zoster,
  or smallpox if other immune healthcare personnel
  are available.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
  appropriately, including a fit-tested
  NIOSH-approved  N95 or higher level respirator
  for healthcare personnel.

22

• Limit transport and movement of patients outside
  of the room to medically-necessary purposes. If
  transport or movement outside an AIIR is
  necessary, instruct patients to wear a surgical
  mask, if possible, and observe Respiratory
  Hygiene/Cough Etiquette.  Healthcare personnel
  transporting patients who are on Airborne
  Precautions do not need to wear a mask or
  respirator during transport if the patient is
  wearing a mask and infectious skin lesions are
  covered.
• Immunize susceptible persons as soon as possible
  following unprotected contact with
  vaccine-preventable infections (e.g., measles,
  varicella or smallpox).

23
Droplet precautions

• Source control put a mask on the patient.
• Ensure appropriate patient placement in a single
  room if possible. In acute care hospitals, if
  single rooms are not available, utilize the
  recommendations for alternative patient placement
  considerations in the Guideline for Isolation
  Precautions. In long-term care and other
  residential settings, make decisions regarding
  patient placement on a case-by-case basis
  considering infection risks to other patients in
  the room and available alternatives.
  In ambulatory settings, place patients who
  require Droplet Precautions in an exam room or
  cubicle as soon as possible and instruct patients
  to follow Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
  recommendations.
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
  appropriately. Don mask upon entry into the
  patient room or patient space.
• Limit transport and movement of patients outside
  of the room to medically-necessary purposes. If
  transport or movement outside of the room is
  necessary, instruct patient to wear a mask and
  follow Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette.

24

• Use disposable or dedicated patient-care
  equipment (e.g., blood pressure cuffs). If common
  use of equipment for multiple patients is
  unavoidable, clean and disinfect such equipment
  before use on another patient.
• Prioritize cleaning and disinfection of the
  rooms of patients on contact precautions ensuring
  rooms are frequently cleaned and disinfected
  (e.g., at least daily or prior to use by another
  patient if outpatient setting) focusing on
  frequently-touched surfaces and equipment in the
  immediate vicinity of the patient.

25
(No Transcript)