Theory of Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence

1
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
We live in the age of applied sciences. Consider
the role of applied biology responsible for the
unbelievable progress in medicine or applied
physics and applied chemistry, forming the basis
of modern industry and modern infrastructure in
general. It is nearly impossible to imagine our
society without the applications of social
sciences like economics, sociology, social
psychology, political science, criminology and so
on. Frequently ignored, however, is the fact that
the boom of applied sciences was only possible
because of the fundamental sciences, without
which the development of the last 150 years would
never have occurred. The only major type of
activities remaining without adequate theoretical
conceptualization is that which is concerned with
meaningful information. While technical aspects
of information transmission are effectively
covered by the information theory of Claude
Shannon, the meaningful information never
possessed any relevant theoretical support.
Despite more than a hundred years of research
devoted to the formalization of meaning, no
research dedicated to the subject was ever able
to produce an applicable theory having any impact
on the practical information-related activities.
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2
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
This situation is the result of a deep chasm
between theoretical research and practical
application over the last few decades. These
fields have mostly developed independently from
one another. In order to take the necessary step
forward in understanding and developing a theory
of meaningful information, there is the need to
reunite them. In the theoretical sphere, the
first works devoted to this subject had already
started in the 19th century with the definition
of semantics. In the next century, they became
very extensive and were extended to the
heterogeneous field including multiple ideas from
computing, cognitive sciences, linguistics,
medicine and others. Regretfully, a vast amount
of energy was used to build a bridge to nowhere -
the situation also remains the same in the
present century, in which software developers
obviously seems to have lost interest in this
research because of its complete uselessness. To
Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit
our website- http//generalinformationtheory.com/

3
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
This situation is the result of a deep chasm
between theoretical research and practical
application over the last few decades. These
fields have mostly developed independently from
one another. In order to take the necessary step
forward in understanding and developing a theory
of meaningful information, there is the need to
reunite them. In the theoretical sphere, the
first works devoted to this subject had already
started in the 19th century with the definition
of semantics. In the next century, they became
very extensive and were extended to the
heterogeneous field including multiple ideas from
computing, cognitive sciences, linguistics,
medicine and others. Regretfully, a vast amount
of energy was used to build a bridge to nowhere -
the situation also remains the same in the
present century, in which software developers
obviously seems to have lost interest in this
research because of its complete uselessness. To
Know more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit
our website- http//generalinformationtheory.com/
4
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
The failure of theory however never hindered
applied developments, which happened to be really
effective. The only actual working methods and
tools ever employed for representation and
processing of meaningful information are the
mainstream programming languages used for the
creation of both conventional and intelligent
applications. Currently their number barely
exceeds a dozen, with one of them C - playing
an especially outstanding role. This language,
also designated as C/C, is the only compiled
language widely used at this time. Other
mainstream programming languages are
interpreters, most of them also implementing
certain variants of the C conceptual system (C
and Java are the most prominent examples of this
approach). All mainstream languages were
developed in a purely pragmatic way without
applying whatever scientific methods and are
acquired by programmers intuitively like driving
a car. Learning by doing is highly effective in
practical work, however, the concepts formed in
the heads of specialists in this inductive way
are based on tacit knowledge and do not permit
deep scientific conceptualization. To Know more
about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our
website- http//generalinformationtheory.com/
5
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
The discrepancy between academic research and the
realities of everyday software development
results from the fundamentally incompatible
approaches. While the academic research never
succeeded in creating the effective programming
tools based on the mathematically correct
solutions, the practical programming occurred to
be extremely successful by employing programming
languages built on non-mathematical basis. It
would be incorrect to say that practical
programmers were never interested in scientific
research, in reality though, this disinterest is
a rather recent phenomenon developed over the
last thirty years. A completely different spirit
prevailed at the start of the computer era when
programmers struggled to find an applicable
alternative to a very exhausting and slow machine
code programming. Science was seen as the only
hope and after the first high-level programming
language FORTRAN appeared, the practitioners
became theoreticians and produced a rigorous
mathematized theory of the programming language.
This resulted in viewing all non-mathematical
approaches as supposedly non-scientific. To Know
more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our
website- http//generalinformationtheory.com/
6
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
Such an interpretation of programming was not
accidental, as the first computers were developed
for mathematical calculations and, as a result,
most programmers of that time were mathematicians
and logicians who viewed programming as a branch
of mathematics. The obvious divergence between
scientific concepts and the realities of everyday
software development was not perceived as a major
problem, because mainstream programming languages
were considered a temporary solution needed until
the theoretically correct programming tools
reached maturity. Neglecting mainstream
programming went so far that theoreticians failed
to produce a generally accepted definition of a
programming language because such a definition
could not be made in the conceptual coordinates
of recognized theories. This not really
effective approach was tolerated in the times of
expensive mainframes, but completely lost its
appeal after the appearance of C and cheap
personal computers. In retrospect is clear that a
zero output from many decades of intensive
mathematic-driven research is the ultimate proof
of the wrongness of its key postulate once
(presumably) formulated by Galileo Galilei The
Book of Nature is written in the language of
mathematics. This idea widely present in
distinct disciplines actually killed the
theoretical programming by automatically
rejecting all non-mathematical concepts as
unscientific. While no self-respecting scientist
will ever study unscientific material, official
science is basically unable to leave its
convenient blind alley and propose any adequate
concepts. While no self-respecting scientist
would ever engage in non-scientific studies,
official science has basically turned a blind eye
to the reality of programming and continue to do
so today. To Know more about - Artificial
Intelligence Visit our website-
http//generalinformationtheory.com/
7
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
The success of pragmatically developed
programming concepts, however, does not mean that
proper fundamental software research is no longer
considered. On the contrary, it has probably
never been as topical as it is now, due to the
immense damaging potentiality possessed by failed
and seemingly long forgotten theories of the
traditional computer science. The reason is the
AI theory, which was originally developed as a
branch of the latter, reuses many of its results,
and is likely obsessed with mathematically
correct methods. This theory has finally arrived
now - thousands of articles describing
miscellaneous formal concepts are printed in
multiple AI publications every year (2-3 examples
in footnote). That said, however, does not bring
us one iota closer to the understanding of what
AI is and how it functions. The results of this
dead-end campaign is already seen in the level of
discussions about the dangers of AI development.
Not just average AI developers, but also such
world-known prominent figures as multibillionaire
Elon Musk, the late physicist Stephen Hawking and
computer scientist Ray Kurzweil, have weighed in
on the subject. However, they are also absolutely
helpless and their opinions completely lack any
theoretically sound arguments. To Know more about
- Artificial Intelligence Visit our website-
http//generalinformationtheory.com/
8
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
Currently, AI specialists operate with
commonsense considerations and imprecise
historical examples2 and if this situation is
allowed to continue, there is a pretty good
chance that in the not so distant future, a team
of AI developers might underestimate the
self-learning capabilities of their own creation
and bring an end to the era of human civilization
on this planet. This book attempts to overcome
the problem by proposing the Theory of Meaningful
Information (abbr. TMI), which is created by
extending the universal methods of information
formalization developed in programming outside of
its original domain. TMI is a general information
theory which includes The information
theory providing the OO view of real and
imaginable worlds The intelligence theory
that defines the features of both natural and
artificial intelligences and allows the formal
specification of the strong AI The language
theory, which includes the theory of the
universal representation language allowing the
universal representation language T to be
formulated. The first theory is a general
conceptual system, the two following theories are
its subsets devoted to the features of
intelligence and languages respectively. To Know
more about - Artificial Intelligence Visit our
website- http//generalinformationtheory.com/
9
Artificial Intelligence, Theory of Intelligence,
Intelligence Theory

Boris Sunik - generalinformationtheory.com

boris.sunik_at_generalinformationtheory.com
Introduction
TMI is an axiomatic theory, defining the key
notions information, knowledge, intelligence,
language, sign solely on the basis of their
functional characteristics. In this, it differs
from the other approaches of information science
restricting these terms to the entities of their
interest, as do most of the information-related
theories understanding a language as a natural
human language, knowledge as human knowledge
etc. The theory is based on an overall
definition of information, which can be applied
to information of every kind, level and
complexity. The definition of information enables
a view of the world in terms of objects, actions,
relations and properties. Information is
considered as the feature manifesting itself in
the relations between certain real world
entities. TMI provides both the uniform view of
all kinds of information and the universal
language actually supporting the requested
representations. TMI does not employ already
known conceptions and approaches devoted to this
subject and basically rejects all mathematically
based concepts of meaningful information as
irrelevant. This theory cannot be assessed in
terms of approaches originating from the domain
of formal logic and mathematics as first order
calculus, semantic nets, conceptual graphs,
frames and ontologies, which constitute the
basics of formal languages traditionally used in
the realm of knowledge representation like OWL
(Smith, Welty, and McGuiness 2004), Cycl (Parmar
2001), KM (Clark and Porter 1999), DART (Evans
and Gazdar 1996) and others. To Know more about -
Artificial Intelligence Visit our website-
http//generalinformationtheory.com/