CBRN Respirators1

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NIOSH-Approved Respirators in SWAT Respiratory
Protection Programs (RPP)

• Terrence K. Cloonan
• Physical Scientist
  SCSS Team, Office of the Director,
  NPPTL, NIOSH
• National Tactical Officers Association Annual
  Conference Less Lethal, FSDD, Chemical
  Agent Instructor Course
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• September 21-24, 2010

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Federal Hierarchy
HHS
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)
NIOSH
NPPTL
National Personal Protective Technology
Laboratory (NPPTL)
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About NIOSH

• NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational
  Safety and Health is a federal agency
  responsible for conducting research and making
  recommendations for the prevention of
  work-related injury and illness.
• MISSION The mission of NIOSH is to generate new
  knowledge in the field of occupational safety and
  health and to transfer that knowledge into
  practice for the betterment of workers.
• OSH Act of 1970 The Occupational Safety and
  Health Act of 1970 created both NIOSH and the
  Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  (OSHA). Source NIOSH web page, 6/16/2010.

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NIOSH Demographics

• Division of Respiratory Disease Studies (DRDS)
• Division of Safety Research (DSR)
• Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD)
• Education and Information Division (EID)
• Division of Applied Research and Technology
  (DART)
• Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and
  Field Studies (DSHEFS) with State OSH activities
• Division of Compensation Analysis and Support
  (DCAS)
• Research to Practice (R2P) Initiative
• Spokane Research Laboratory
• Pittsburgh Research Laboratory
• Alaska Regional ? Western State Offices

• Office of the Director, NIOSH
• Office of Extramural Programs
• Office of Mine Safety and Health
• National Personal Protective Technology
  Laboratory (NPPTL) Pittsburgh, PA
• Source NIOSH web page, 6/16/2010

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NIOSH Personal Protective Technology (PPT) Program
MISSION The mission of the NIOSH Personal
Protective Technology program is to prevent
work-related injury, illness, and death by
advancing the state of knowledge and application
of PPT. PPT in this
context is defined as the technical methods,
processes, techniques, tools, and materials that
support the development and use of personal
protective equipment worn by individuals to
reduce the effects of their exposure to a hazard.
VISION The NPPTL vision is to be the
leading provider of quality, relevant, and timely
PPT research, training, and evaluation.

Last updated by OAMS/ASB on
December 8, 2009

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NIOSH PPT Program

• Mine Escape Issues
• Respirator Certification
• Mine Emergency Respirator
• Investigations
• New Technology Research
• Escape Respirator Research
• Escape Respirator
• Standards
• MSHA Collaboration

• CBRN Issues
• Respirator Standards
• Development
• CBRN PPT Research
• Respirator Certification
• NFPA/IAFF Collaboration
• TSWG IAA
• OSHA Collaboration

• Pandemic Issues
• N95 Respirator Research
• Standards (Total Inward
• Leakage)
• Respirator Certification
• FDA Collaboration
• National Academies
• Activities
• Pandemic Planning Response

• Nanotechnology Issues
• Filtration Research
• Protective Clothing Research
• Respirator Research
• Respirator Certification
• Workplace Guidance

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Stakeholders
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CBRN Respirator Standards Training

• DHS/NIST/ECBC/CDC/NIOSH
• CBRN SCBA Standard 2001
• Flexible CBRN SCBA Program 2002
• CBRN SCBA Retrofit Policy 2003
• CBRN Respirator RD Program 2003
• CBRN APR Standard 2003
• CBRN APER Standard 2003
• DHS adopts NIOSH CBRN Standards 2004
• CBRN PAPR Standard 2006
• AIHce PDC 408 CBRN Training course 2010
• DHS/ECBCNIOSH Promulgated Standards TBD
• CBRN Closed Circuit SCBA (CC-SCBA),
• CBRN SCER, and CBRN SAR w/10min Escape
• Census data 2003

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CBRN Tiers of Approval

• 42 CFR Part 84 Applicable sections per
  respirator approval schedule
• Third Party Standards Benchmarking and adoption
  of federal specifications or consensus standards
• Common CBRN System evaluations
• 1) Sarin (GB) aerosol-vapor SMARTMAN headform
  for live-agent testing (LAT)
• 2) Mustard (HD) aerosol-vapor and liquid
  SMARTMAN headform for LAT
• 3) Laboratory Respirator Protection Level (LRPL)
  w/corn oil particulate human test subjects and
  respirators donned per UI
  Source AIHA NIOSH PDC
  408 CBRN 8 hr course, 2010

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CBRN Canister Capacity Testing

• Air-Purifying Use 139 CBRN agent threats are
  filtered out.
• Test Representative Agents (TRA) 139 respiratory
  threats are subdivided into 7 hazard families.
  Each family is then evaluated by one or more of
  11 NIOSH listed TRA.
• TRA is Cyclohexane. Organic Vapor (OV) 61 TIC.
  OV covers CS/CN.
• TRA are SO2, H2S, CNCL, COCL2, HCN
  Acid Gas (AG) family
  32 TIC.
• TRA is Ammonia Base gas family 4 TIC.
• TRA is Phosphine Hydride family 4 TIC.
• TRA is Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Oxide 5 TIC.
• TRA is Formaldehyde Formaldehyde 1 TIC.
• TRA is DOP Particulate 3 chemical,16 RAD,
  and 13 BWA.
  RCA aerosol particulate is filtered
  Source Adapted from
  AIHA NIOSH PDC 408 CBRN 8 hour course, May 23,
  2010.

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NIOSH CBRN SCBA TC-Number

• Systems Approval NIOSH issues a testing and
  certification
• CBRN TC- Number TC-13F-XXXXCBRN, 30 Min, 2216
  PSIG
• Recognition On labels located on the
  respirator and in UI.
• Caution Limitation Statements Specific to the
  level and type of respiratory protection awarded
  
• Interoperability Like parts may fit but that
  does not ? an approved system. Do not throw the
  Users Instructions (UI) away.

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Why Have A RPP?

• State OSHA Plan for public sector workers
• Insurance requirement
• Methodical program
• Respiratory protection against
• oxygen deficiency
• CS, OC, other RCA
• CBRN/WMD, TIC, H1N1, and unknown threats
• Training and Mutual Aid

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Published Civil Law Enforcement/SWAT RPP

• California Commission on Peace Officer Standards
  and Training (POST) http//lib.post.ca.gov/Publi
  cations/respiratory-program2.pdf
• Illinois Department of Labor and Illinois Law
  Enforcement Alarm System (ILEAS)
• http//www.ileas.org/Policies/Respirator20Policy-
  Sample20Nov2007.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/labor_issues/idol
  august2003.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/idol
  july2003.pdf
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/matr
  ix.htm
• http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/main
  .htm
• City and County of San Francisco Police
  Department, California
• Fairfax County, Virginia Seminole County,
  Florida Broward County, Florida Orange
  County, California

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Examples of Respirator Use by SWAT

• Use is prevalent evolving written respiratory
  protection programs. Item specific SOG/SOP still
  exist
• NTOA Chemical Agent CS/OC/CN systematic and
  tactical Gas Out (SGO/TGO) tactics
• NTOA SCBA and Combative (APR) 40 32 hour
  practical courses
• CITY San Francisco WMD and CS mask confidence
  exercises
• COUNTY Fairfax, Seminole, Broward, and Orange
  County Sheriffs Office training exercises

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Bulk Hot Gas (OC CS) Delivery Systems

• Use of dispersal methods via charged air
  cylinders
• Is there a best practice?
• Manufacturing of multi-mission aerosol delivery
  systems is to manufacturer specifications.
  Marketed as
• Non-lethal terrorist suppression or repel
  ocean-going Pirates
• Crowd control and civil unrest
• SWAT team tactical response
• Prison riots/Prisoner Extraction

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Observations of a Local CS Chamber HOT GAS
Training Exercise

• SCBA, APR, PAPR used
• Students with SCBA APR
• Instructors with PAPR
• Wooden structure CS grenades
• LCt 50 formula- 38 grenades calculated to create
  a lethal concentration 8 used
• Groups of 5 thru one door entry
• Two 4-Gas Detectors CO
• Decontamination H2O hose/air

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Debrief Discussion on HOT GAS Training

• Multiple types of respirators with one brand in
  use
• CBRN canisters used on non-CBRN APR/PAPR
• SCBA two-finger function check of seals were good
• All batteries removed from SCBA-No PASS. Users
  prefer to use analog gauge
• SCBA are non-CBRN but planned for use in actual
  CBRN response

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Other SWAT Workplace Hazards

• Lead (Pb) exposure from indoor ranges. NIOSH
  publication 2009-136 http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/doc
  s/2009-136/
• Ship boarding missions METH or other TIC
  floating laboratories
• Rapid expansion of air or other TIC from
  targeted SCBA or mini-torch fuel cylinders
  worn/used by operators
• Shooter inhalation of weapon discharge
  fume/aerosol/smoke
• Operator exposure to breaching tool fumes
  signaling or diversionary munitions particulates
  or gases

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Literature Search on RPP CS/RCA Topics

• Respirator Labor Issues, ILEAS Mask Project
  http//www.ileas.org/respirators/Main.html and
  www.ileas.org/respirators/Labor_Issues/main.htm
• North Carolina DOL Facial Hair and Respirator
  Use http//www.nclabor.com/osha/PublicSN/SN55A.pd
  f
• Measuring Respirator Use in the Workplace,
  NRC/NAS http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id
  11799page17
• Military Authorized to Use Riot Control Agents in
  Iraq, Arms Control Association, 2003
  http//www.armscontrol.org/print/1277
• 6th ILEF for Minimal Force Options Less-Lethal
  Technologies report, INLDT, PSU, 2008
  http//www.nldt.org/publications.php
• Reno Nevada SWAT Use Tear Gas to End Stand Off,
  August 25, 2010 http//www.mynews4.com/story.php?
  id26319
• Collier SWAT Uses Tear Gas to Force East Naples
  Man From Home, 8/23/10 http//www.naplesnews.com/n
  ews/2010/aug/23/collier-swat-team-east-naples-leaw
  ood-circle/

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OSHA and NIOSH References for a RPP

• OSHA Publication 3352-02, Assigned Protection
  Factors for the Revised Respiratory Protection
  Standard, 2009
• OSHA Directive CPL 2-2.54A, RPP Guidelines, 2000
  http//www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_docum
  ent?p_tableDIRECTIVESp_id2125
• NIOSH NPPTL Respirator Trusted Source Information
  Page, RPP FAQ http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topi
  cs/respirators/disp_part/RespSource3.htmlrespirat
  or
• NIOSH Publication No. 99-143, TB RPP Health Care
  Facilities Administrators Guide,
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-143/
• NIOSH Publication No. 87-116, Chapter 4,
  Respirator Use http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/87-11
  6.pdf

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Scientific Criteria for Riot Control Agents

• OSHA Health Guidelines for a-chloroacetophenone,
  Mace/CN/Tear Gas http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthg
  uidelines/a-chloroacetophenone/index.html
• CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response
  Riot Control Agents (CN, CS, PS, CA, and CR)
  http//emergency.cdc.gov/agent/riotcontrol/
• CDC/NIOSH Emergency Response Safety and Health
  Database Chloroacetophen (CN)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseC
  ard_29750033.html
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2005
  o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0122.html
  
  and Chloropicrin (PS)
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0132.html
• NIOSH STP 0050, Determination of CS Service
  Life Test for APR, 2005 http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/
  npptl/stps/pdfs/RCT-APR-0050.pdf

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NIOSH Certified Equipment List (CEL)

• CEL Electronic listing of approved respirators
  http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/
  CEL/default.html
• DHS FEMA RKB RKB lists the NPPTL homepage.
• Ease-of-Use CEL quick defined search
  software http//www2a.cdc.gov/drds/cel/cel_form_co
  de.asp
• Quick Search Capability Four categories of
  searchable CEL SCBA, APR, APER, PAPR
• CBRN APPROVALS 94 records SCBA 62, APR
  12, APER 6, and PAPR 14 Source
  NIOSH CEL - 09/22/2010.

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CBRN Respirator Technology Display

• AVON M53 CBRN APR
• AVON FM12 CBRN APR
• AVON C420 CBRN PAPR
• Draeger CDR 4500 CBRN APR
• 3M RBE-57 CBRN PAPR (23C)
• MSA CBRN APER, Tactical
• Scott and Sperian Canisters
• Draeger CBRN SCBA
• Respirators are approved as individual systems
  and given individual NIOSH TC numbers. See the
  NIOSH-approval certificate, paper label, and user
  instructions (UI).

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NIOSH-Approved CBRN SCBA ID

• Vignette The UI is missing. It might have labels
  on it, it might not. Is it MIL-SPEC? Is it
  NIOSH-Approved? Is it EN/CEN-approved? CSE
  compliant? How do you know? Are there
  counterfeits?
• Answer 1) Know your respirator. 2)Locate and
  read the adhesive labels. 2) Locate the NIOSH
  TC-number. 3) Read and apply the user
  instructions (UI). 4) Know manufacturer unique
  markings from NFPA, NIOSH, NIJ labels
  5) Use the NIOSH CEL.

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Remember A Users Seal Check
is not a Fit Test

• Subject to your questions!
• Presentation contact information
• Terrence K. Cloonan
• tcloonan_at_cdc.gov
• Pittsburgh, PA
• As of September 22, 2010

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Acknowledgements

• Mr. Roland Berry Ann, OD, NPPTL, NIOSH, CDC, HHS
• Officer Scott Hurley, City and County of San
  Francisco Police Department, S.W.A.T., San
  Francisco, California
• SGT Don Whitson, Fort Collins Police Services,
  Fort Collins, Colorado
• CPT Ed Allen, Seminole County Sheriffs Office,
  Florida
• LT Shane Francisco, San Francisco Fire
  Department, Intelligence Officer, Northern
  California Regional Intelligence Center (NCRIC),
  California
• Mr. John Gnagey, Executive Director, National
  Tactical Officers Association (NTOA), Doylestown,
  PA

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• Disclaimer
• The findings and conclusions in this
  presentation have not been formally disseminated
  by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
  and Health and should not be construed to
  represent any agency determination or policy.
• The mention of any company name or product does
  not constitute endorsement by the National
  Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  (NIOSH)
• Source
• NIOSH, National Personal Protective Technology
  Laboratory (NPPTL)
• P.O. Box 18070
• Pittsburgh, PA 15236
• [phone]
• http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/default.html

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Questions for NIOSH

• Date
• Topic
• Question
• Discussion