Leptospirosis : Causes, Symptoms, Daignosis, Prevention and Treatment

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Leptospirosis
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Leptospirosis

• Leptospirosis is an infectious disease which is
  caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and it
  affects both humans as well as other
  animals.Leptospirosis is one of the world's
  most widespread diseases that can be easily
  transmitted by animals to humans.Generally, the
  infection is transmitted to humans by water that
  has been contaminated by animal urine which comes
  in contact with unhealed breaks in the skin, the
  eyes, or with the mucous membranes.In most of
  the cases, leptospirosis only causes mild
  flu-like symptoms like headache, chills and
  muscle pain. Although in some of the cases, the
  infection is more severe and can further cause
  life-threatening problems that includes organ
  failure and internal bleeding. Severe form of
  leptospirosis is known as Weil's disease.

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Causes of Leptospirosis

• Rodents, Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat,
  pigs and dogs are known to be common reservoirs
  of the bacteria that cause leptospirosis.
  Generally, the incubation period of leptospirosis
  is 515 days, with a range of 230
  days.Outbreaks of leptospirosis can occur, due
  to close contact with infected freshwater
  sources, such as some water sports. It is also
  possible for people to become infected after a
  natural disaster, such as a flood.

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Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

• Blood test is done to detect antibodies for the
  bacteria.Other tests include
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• MAT (microscopic agglutination test) which is a
  serological test is considered the gold standard
  in diagnosing leptospirosis.

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Symptoms of Leptospirosis

• Mild symptoms, includes
• High temperature (fever) that is usually between
  38 and 40C
• Sudden headache and chills
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Muscular pain especially in the muscles of calves
  and lower back
• Irritation and redness of the eyes
  (Conjunctivitis)
• Cough
• Short-lived rash

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Symptoms of Leptospirosis
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• More severe manifestations include
• Meningitis
• Extreme fatigue
• Hearing loss
• Respiratory distress
• Azotemia
• Renal interstitial tubular necrosis, which
  results in renal failure and occasionally liver
  failure, is the severe form of this disease known
  as Weil's disease, though it is sometimes named
  Weil Syndrome.

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Treatment

• How to manage LeptospirosisLeptospirosis can
  be treated with medicines like
• Ampicillin
• Azithromycin
• Ceftriaxone
• Doxycycline
• Penicillin

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