C programming Training in Chennai

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C
PROGRAMMING
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• INTRODUCTION-
• C Programming is an ANSI/ISO standard and
  effective programming dialect for growing
  continuous applications.
• C programming dialect was developed by Dennis
  Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972.
• It was imagined for executing UNIX working
  framework. C is most broadly utilized programming
  dialect even today.
• All other programming dialects were gotten
  specifically or by implication from C programming
  ideas.
• I clarifies every single essential idea in C like
  history of C dialect, information writes,
  catchphrases, constants, factors, administrators,
  articulations, control proclamations, exhibit,
  pointer, string, library capacities, structures
  and associations and so on.

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• HIGHLIGHTS OF C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
•  
• C dialect is one of the capable dialect. The
  following are a portion of the highlights of C
  dialect.
•  
• Unwavering quality
• Versatility
• Adaptability
• Intuitiveness
• Measured quality
• Proficiency and Effectiveness

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• EMPLOYEMENT OF C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
•  The C programming dialect is utilized for
  creating framework applications that structures a
  noteworthy bit of working frameworks, for
  example, Windows, UNIX and Linux. The following
  are a few cases of C being utilized.
•  
• Database frameworks
• Designs bundles
• Word processors
• Spreadsheets
• Working framework improvement
• Compilers and Assemblers
• System drivers
• Mediators

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THE LEVEL OF C PROGRAMMING-   There are 3
levels of programming dialects. They are,
  1.Middle Level dialects   Center level
dialects don't give all the implicit capacities
found in abnormal state dialects, however gives
all building hinders that we have to create the
outcome we need. Illustrations C, C   2.High
Level dialects   Abnormal state dialects give
nearly everything that the developer may need to
do as effectively incorporated with the dialect.
Case Java, Python   3.Low Level dialects
  Low level dialects gives nothing other than
access to the machines fundamental direction set.
Case Assembler
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• C LANGUAGE IS A STRUCTURED LANGUAGE
•  
• 1.Structure situated dialect
•  
• In this kind of dialect, huge projects are
  separated into little projects called capacities
• Prime spotlight is on capacities and strategies
  that work on the information
• Information moves unreservedly around the
  frameworks starting with one capacity then onto
  the next
• Program structure takes after "Best Down
  Approach"
• Illustrations C, Pascal, ALGOL and Modula-2

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• II) Question situated dialect
•  
• In this sort of dialect, programs are isolated
  into objects
• Prime concentration is in the information that is
  being worked and not on the capacities or
  techniques
• Information is covered up and can't be gotten to
  by outside capacities
• Program structure takes after "Base UP Approach"
• Illustrations C, JAVA and C (C sharp)
• III) Non structure situated dialect
•  
• There is no particular structure for programming
  this dialect. Illustrations BASIC, COBOL,
  FORTRAN

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C DATA TYPES There are four data types in C
language. They are,
TYPES DATATYPES
Basic data types int, char, float, double
Enumeration data type enum
Derived data type pointer, array, structure, union
Void data type void
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• BASIC DATA TYPES IN C LANGUAGE
• 1. INTEGER DATA TYPE
• Integer data type allows a variable to store
  numeric values.
• int keyword is used to refer integer data type.
• The storage size of int data type is 2 or 4 or 8
  byte.
• It varies depend upon the processor in the CPU
  that we use.  If we are using 16 bit processor, 2
  byte  (16 bit) of memory will be allocated for
  int data type.
• Like wise, 4 byte (32 bit) of memory for 32 bit
  processor and 8 byte (64 bit) of memory for 64
  bit processor is allocated for int datatype.
• int (2 byte) can store values from -32,768 to
  32,767
• int (4 byte) can store values from -2,147,483,648
  to 2,147,483,647.
• If you want to use the integer value that crosses
  the above limit, you can go for long int and
  long long int for which the limits are very
  high.

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CHARACTER DATA TYPE Character data type allows a
variable to store only one character. Storage
size of character data type is 1. We can store
only one character using character data
type. 2.char keyword is used to refer
character data type. For example, A can be
stored using char datatype. You cant store more
than one character using char data type.
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• FLOATING POINT DATA TYPE
• Floating point data type consists of 2 types.
  They are,
• float
• Double
• 1. FLOAT
• Float data type allows a variable to store
  decimal values.
• Storage size of float data type is 4. This also
  varies depend upon the processor in the CPU as
  int data type.
• We can use up-to 6 digits after decimal using
  float data type.
• For example, 10.456789 can be stored in a
  variable using float data type.
• 2. DOUBLE
• Double data type is also same as float data type
  which allows up-to 10 digits after decimal.
• The range for double datatype is from 1E37 to
  1E37.

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•  MODIFIERS IN C LANGUAGE
• The amount of memory space to be allocated for a
  variable is derived by modifiers.
• Modifiers are prefixed with basic data types to
  modify (either increase or decrease) the amount
  of storage space allocated to a variable.
• For example, storage space for int data type is 4
  byte for 32 bit processor. We can increase the
  range by using long int which is 8 byte. We can
  decrease the range by using short int which is 2
  byte.
• There are 5 modifiers available in C language.
  They are,
• short
• long
• signed
• unsigned
• long long

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C Data types / storage Size Range
char / 1 127 to 127
int / 2 32,767 to 32,767
float / 4 1E37 to 1E37 with six digits of precision
double / 8 1E37 to 1E37 with ten digits of precision
long double / 10 1E37 to 1E37 with ten digits of precision
long int / 4 2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
short int / 2 32,767 to 32,767
unsigned short int / 2 0 to 65,535
signed short int / 2 32,767 to 32,767
long long int / 8 (2power(63) 1) to 2(power)63 1
signed long int / 4 2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long int / 4 0 to 4,294,967,295
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•  
• C TOKENS
• C tokens are the basic buildings blocks in C
  language which are constructed together to write
  a C program.
• Each and every smallest individual units in a C
  program are known as C tokens.
• C tokens are of six types.
• They are,
• Keywords               (eg int, while),
• Identifiers               (eg main, total),
• Constants              (eg 10, 20),
• Strings                    (eg total,
  hello),
• Special symbols  (eg (), )

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• IDENTIFIERS IN C LANGUAGE
• Each program elements in a C program are given a
  name called identifiers.
• Names given to identify Variables, functions and
  arrays are examples for identifiers. eg. x is a
  name given to integer variable in above program.
• RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING IDENTIFIER NAME IN C-
• First character should be an alphabet or
  underscore.
• Succeeding characters might be digits or letter.
• Punctuation and special characters arent allowed
  except underscore.
• Identifiers should not be keywords.
• 3. KEYWORDS IN C LANGUAGE
• Keywords are pre-defined words in a C compiler.
• Each keyword is meant to perform a specific
  function in a C program.
• Since keywords are referred names for compiler,
  they cant be used as variable name.
• C language supports 32 keywords which are given
  below. Click on each keywords below for detail
  description and example programs.

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TYPES OF C CONSTANT-
Constant type data type (Example)
Integer constants int (53, 762, -478 etc )unsigned int (5000u, 1000U etc)long int, long long int(483,647 2,147,483,680)
Real or Floating point constants float (10.456789)doule (600.123456789)
Octal constant int (Example 013 /starts with 0 /)
Hexadecimal constant int (Example 0x90 /starts with 0x/)
character constants char (Example A, B, C)
string constants char (Example ABCD, Hai)
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BACKSLASH CHARACTER CONSTANTS IN C-
Backslash_character Meaning
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\ Double quote
\ Single quote
\\ Backslash
\v Vertical tab
\a Alert or bell
\? Question mark
\N Octal constant (N is an octal constant)
\XN Hexadecimal constant (N hex.dcml cnst)
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• DECLARING INITIALIZING C VARIABLE
• Variables should be declared in the C program
  before to use.
• Memory space is not allocated for a variable
  while declaration. It happens only on variable
  definition.
• Variable initialization means assigning a value
  to the variable.

Type  Syntax
Variable declaration data_type variable_nameExample int x, y, z char flat, ch
Variable initialization data_type variable_name value Example int x 50, y 30 char flag x, chl
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TYPES OF C OPERATORS-
Types of Operators  Description
Arithmetic_operators These are used to perform mathematical calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus
Assignment_operators These are used to assign the values for the variables in C programs.
Relational operators These operators are used to compare the value of two variables.
Logical operators These operators are used to perform logical operations on the given two variables.
Bit wise operators These operators are used to perform bit operations on given two variables.
Conditional (ternary) operators Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value is condition is false.
Increment/decrement operators These operators are used to either increase or decrease the value of the variable by one.
Special operators , , sizeof( ) and ternary operators.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE/POST INCREMENT DECREMENT
OPERATORS IN C Below table will explain the
difference between pre/post increment and
decrement operators in C programming language.
Operator Operator/Description
Pre increment operator (i) value of i is incremented before assigning it to the variable i
Post increment operator (i) value of i is incremented after assigning it to the variable i
Pre decrement operator (i) value of i is decremented before assigning it to the variable i
Post decrement operator (i) value of i is decremented after assigni
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IF, ELSE AND NESTED IF DECISION CONTROL
STATEMENTS IN C- if- Syntaxif
(condition)  Statements  DescriptionIn
these type of statements, if condition is true,
then respective block of code is
executed. ifelse- Syntaxif
(condition)  Statement1 Statement2
 else  Statement3 Statement4
DescriptionIn these type of statements, group
of statements are executed when condition is
true.  If condition is false, then else part
statements are executed.
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• nested if-
• Syntaxif (condition1) Statement1 else_if(con
  dition2)  Statement2  else Statement 3
• DescriptionIf condition 1 is false, then
  condition 2 is checked and statements are
  executed if it is true. If condition 2 also gets
  failure, then else part is executed.
• Loop control statements in C are used to perform
  looping operations until the given condition is
  true. Control comes out of the loop statements
  once condition becomes false.

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• TYPES OF LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS IN C
• There are 3 types of loop control statements in C
  language. They are,
• for
• while
• do-while
• For-
• for (exp1 exp2 expr3) statements 
• Where,exp1 variable initialization( Example
  i0, j2, k3 )exp2 condition checking(
  Example igt5, jlt3, k3 )exp3
  increment/decrement( Example i, j, k )

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While- while (condition) statements  where, 
condition might be agt5, ilt10 do
while- do  statements while
(condition)   where,condition might be agt5,
ilt10
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHILE DO WHILE LOOPS IN C
LANGUAGE
while do while
Loop is executed only when condition is true. Loop is executed for first time irrespective of the condition. After executing while loop for first time, then condition is checked.
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• Array-
• C Array is a collection of variables belongings
  to the same data type. You can store group of
  data of same data type in an array.
• Array might be belonging to any of the data types
• Array size must be a constant value.
• Always, Contiguous (adjacent) memory locations
  are used to store array elements in memory.
• It is a best practice to initialize an array to
  zero or null while declaring, if we dont assign
  any values to array
• TYPES OF C ARRAYS
• There are 2 types of C arrays. They are,
• One dimensional array
• Multi dimensional array
• Two dimensional array
• Three dimensional array
• four dimensional array etc

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• Pointers-
• Pointers in C language is a variable that
  stores/points the address of another variable.
• A Pointer in C is used to allocate memory
  dynamically i.e. at run time. 
• The pointer variable might be belonging to any of
  the data type such as int, float, char, double,
  short etc.
• Pointer Syntax data_type var_name Example
  int p  char p
• Where, is used to denote that p is pointer
  variable and not a normal variable.

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USES OF C FUNCTIONS C functions are used to
avoid rewriting same logic/code again and again
in a program. There is no limit in calling C
functions to make use of same functionality
wherever required. We can call functions any
number of times in a program and from any place
in a program. A large C program can easily be
tracked when it is divided into functions. The
core concept of C functions are, re-usability,
dividing a big task into small pieces to achieve
the functionality and to improve
understandability of very large C programs  
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• Structure-
• Structure is a collection of different data types
  which are grouped together and each element in a
  C structure is called member.
• If you want to access structure members in C,
  structure variable should be declared.
• Many structure variables can be declared for same
  structure and memory will be allocated for each
  separately.
• It is a best practice to initialize a structure
  to null while declaring, if we dont assign any
  values to structure

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• Union-
• C Union is also like structure, i.e. collection
  of different data types which are grouped
  together. Each element in a union is called
  member.
• Union and structure in C  are same in concepts,
  except allocating memory for their members.
• Structure allocates storage space for all its
  members separately.
• Whereas, Union allocates one common storage space
  for all its members
• We can access only one member of union at a time.
  
• We cant access all member values at the same
  time in union. But, structure can access all
  member values at the same time.
• This is because, Union allocates one common
  storage space for all its members.
  Where as Structure allocates storage space for
  all its members separately.
• Many union variables can be created in a program
  and memory will be allocated for each union
  variable separately.

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• BASIC FILE OPERATIONS IN C PROGRAMMING
• There are 4 basic operations that can be
  performed on any files in C programming language.
  They are,
• Opening/Creating a file
• Closing a file
• Reading a file
• Writing in a file
• 1.fopen()  To open a file
• Declaration FILE fopen (const char filename,
  const char mode)
• fopen() function is used to open a file to
  perform operations such as reading, writing etc.
  In a C program, we declare a file pointer and use
  fopen() as below. fopen() function creates a new
  file if the mentioned file name does not exist.
• FILE fpfpfopen (filename, mode)
• Where,fp  file pointer to the data type
  FILE.filename  the actual file name with full
  path of the file.mode refers to the operation
  that will be performed on the file. Example r,
  w, a, r, w and a. Please refer below the
  description for these mode of operations

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2.fclose()  To close a file Declaration int fcl
ose(FILE fp) fclose() function closes the file
that is being pointed by file pointer fp. In a C
program, we close a file as below.fclose (fp) 3
. fgets()  To read a file Declaration char
fgets(char string, int n, FILE fp) fgets
function is used to read a file line by line.  In
a C program, we use fgets function as
below.fgets (buffer, size, fp) where,buffer
buffer to  put the data in.size size of the
bufferfp file pointer 4. fprintf()  To write
into a file Declarationint fprintf(FILE fp,
const char format, )fprintf() function writes
string into a file pointed by fp. In a C program,
we write string into a file as below.fprintf
(fp, some data) orfprintf (fp, text d,
variable_name)
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• MODE OF OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON A FILE IN C
  LANGUAGE
• There are many modes in opening a file. Based on
  the mode of file, it can be opened for reading or
  writing or appending the texts. They are listed
  below.
• r Opens a file in read mode and sets pointer to
  the first character in the file. It returns null
  if file does not exist.
• w Opens a file in write mode. It returns null
  if file could not be opened. If file exists, data
  are overwritten.
• a Opens a file in append mode.  It returns null
  if file couldnt be opened.
• r Opens a file for read and write mode and
  sets pointer to the first character in the file.
• w opens a file for read and write mode and
  sets pointer to the first character in the file.
• a Opens a file for read and write mode and
  sets pointer to the first character in the file.
  But, it cant modify existing contents.

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