Lawn establishment and management

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Lawn
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LAWN

• Lawn is beautiful green ground cover with
  perennial grass.
• Also called as a natural green carpet.
• A lawn is the heart of a garden.
• It is the basic feature for home ground
  development
• In home garden
• improves the appearance of the house,
• enhances the beauty,
• Increase conveniences
• It adds monetary value to the real estate

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• Lawn also provide
• Perfect setting for
• flower beds
• A border
• A shrubbery
• A specimen of tree or a shrub
• Besides ,
• the lawn has spiritual value too
• Lawn is source of charm and pride
• reduces tension of mind after a days hard work

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IMPORTANCE.

• Lawn is one of the most important features of a
  garden
• Without a lawn no garden is complete and
  beautiful as the beauty of the garden largely
  depends on the condition of the lawn.
• Main point of attraction of the garden.
• Provides a place for takings rest after the days
  hard work.
• Ideal place for holding parties and different
  Social functions.

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Characters' of lawn grasses

• It should develop quickly.
• The grass must have compact growth.
• It should withstand regular mowing.
• It should tolerate Cold and drought.
• The grass should be soft to touch and not patchy,
• Should not give fowl and bad odour
• Should look fresh and remain green throughout the
  year.

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SITE SELECTION

• The selected site for making lawn should get full
  sunlight and the best situation is the southern
  side of the house.
• The site selected should be in south-east or
  south west direction of house or any building.
• Lawn grass do not grow well under the shade.

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• More over,
• The dried leaves of trees fall on the lawn grass
  make the lawn dirty, hence it is desirable that
  no big trees should be existing in the site
  selected
• Trees selected should provide shade during summer
  for sitting and should not shed leaves without
  adversely affecting the lawn
• Soil moisture capacity and drainage are very
  important
• Poor drained soil- grass will perish
• Highly porous soil- Frequent irrigation

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SOIL

• For establishment of a good lawn fertile loamy
  soil is ideal.
• Soil should be rich in humus content.
• It should have good moisture holding capacity and
  at the same time it should have good drainage
• Depth of soil shold be at least 25-30 cm for
  luxuriant growth

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SOIL

• A slightly acidic soil having pH between 5.5 to
  6.0 is good growth of grass.
• Low pH-½kg/m2 of chalk or grounded lime stone
• Alkaline soil- Gypsum- ½kg/m2

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Drainage

• Selected site- proper drainage
• Grasses are shallow rooted herbs and no deep
  drainage is necessary, but
• No water should stagnate in the root zone
• Clayey soils- Drainage pipes or by putting a
  layer of bricks and rubbish 90cm bellow the
  surface
• Ordinary drainage carried out with grading and
  levelling

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Drainage..

• Rough surface leveling by eye estimation- prior
  to digging
• Shifting and filling of soil done if necessary
• After rough levelling- thorough preparation of
  land is necessary- by digging
• Very often digging- contribute to the failure of
  lawn
• Digging should be done by trenching method- other
  wise the gardener fail to dig to the desired
  depth
• To ensure proper depth- trench of 60cm deep and
  45 cm width dug at one side of the site

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Drainage

• During digging- old masonry, grass roots, stones
  etc., should be removed
• Special care should be taken to remove the roots
  of Motha grass (Cyperus rotundus)
• Digging should be done during April
  May-sterilize the soil, kill weed seeds, insects
  and harmful micro organisms
• Soil should be turned up subsequently 2-3 times
  at weekly intervals, - each time clods of earth,
  if any are broken and roots of weeds are removed

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Manuring and Grading

• After digging is over,
• Soil is manured and graded
• If the soil is already fertile- Dont apply
  organic manure- weed seeds
• Poor soil-FYM, night soil manure, stable
  manure-500kg/100 m2
• The manure is worked up to a depth of 15-20cm
• Any freshly dug soil will take long time for
  settleing
• In heavy rainfall areas- soil get settled due to
  pouring rain
• In low rainfall areas- flooding is done to notice
  the depression and filled with soil and finally
  leveled using spirit level

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Selection of grasses

• Most suitable in India- Hariyali- Doob grass
  Cynodon dactylon

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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                    
        
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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                   
         

• Bermudagrass is a warm-season grass well adapted
  to warm regions.
• Does best in full sun and high temperatures.
• During extended low temperatures- will turn
  brown.
• Bermudagrass is well adaptable - very
  water-efficient
• Has few pest problems.
• Both seeded and hybrid varieties are durable and
  withstand heavy use during the spring, summer,
  and early autumn months when they are actively
  growing,

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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                   
         

• Identifying tips
• A medium to coarse-textured gray-green grass.
  Leaves are folded in the bud.
• Hybrids are more fine-textured and vary in color
  from deep blue-green to dark green.
• Bermudagrass loses its color and becomes dormant
  in most locations during the cooler months of
  late autumn and winter.
• It spreads both by rhizomes and stolons.

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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                   
         

• Maintenance
• Low to high maintenance.
• Seeded Bermuda grass requires only moderate
  nitrogen and infrequent watering.
• Hybrid varieties - higher maintenance because
  they require more nitrogen and a closer and more
  frequent mowing cut.
• Regular edging will keep hybrids contained.
• BG has a low tolerance for shade and cold
  temperatures,
• but it can tolerate drought conditions and high
  temperatures.
• Bermudagrass has a high tolerance for salinity.

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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                   
         

• Planting and management tips for bermudagrass
• Mowing
• Mow short to produce neat, restrained turf.
• Mow frequently during warm months.
• Mow seeded bermudagrass at 1 - 1.5 inches both
  rotary and reel lawn mowers can be used.
• Mow hybrids at 0.5 - 0.75 inches a reel mower
  should be used.
• Fertilizing
• Fertilize using 2 - 4 lbs. nitrogen/1000 sq. ft.
  per year during the period of active growth
  (April - September) for seeded bermudagrass.
• More attention is required for hybrid varieties
  fertilize using 4 - 6 lbs. Nitrogen/1000 sq. ft.
  per year during the period of active growth
  (April - September).

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Bermuda grass (Seeded and hybrid species)
 Cynodon spp.                                    
        

• Planting
• Establish seeded bermudagrass from seed in areas
  where adapted.
• Seed at 1 lb. seed/1000 sq. ft.
• Establish hybrids vegetatively from sod, stolons
  or sprigs (4 - 6 bushels/1000 sq. ft.), and
  plugs.
• Irrigation
• Water infrequently.
• Water deeply to develop a healthy root system.
• Avoid frequent, shallow watering.
• Special problems-
• Bermudagrass mite, Dichondra flea beetle, Fiery
  skipper, Spring dead spot
• Invasive
• Hybrid bermudagrass requires frequent mowing
• Dormant in winter

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• St. Augustine grass
• Stenotaphrum secundatum
• Other Names Buffalo grass, centipede grass 

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Poa pratensis, commonly known as Kentucky
bluegrass, smooth meadow-grass, or common
meadow-grass,
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Kentucky bluegrass-Poa pratensis,

• It is a perennial species of  grass  native
  to Europe, Asia, North America, and
  northern Africa. 
• Poa pratensis forms a valuable pasture plant,
  characteristic of well-drained, fertile soil.
• Used for making lawns in parks and gardens and is
  common in cool moist climates

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Kentucky bluegrass  Poa pratensis
                                           
                                           
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Kentucky bluegrass  Poa pratensis
Boat-shaped tip and parallel-sided leaf blades
Overall plant structure of Kentucky bluegrass
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Kentucky bluegrass  Poa pratensis
                                           
                                           

• Qualities
• Kentucky bluegrass is a cool-season grass
• Its growth slows during the warm summer months.
• prefers full sun, but will tolerate some shade.
• It is susceptible to disease and weed invasion.
• For a more disease resistant turf and good color
  and year-round performance, Kentucky blue grass
  is mixed with perennial rye grass.
• Usually 2 or more cultivars of each species are
  used and it is recommended that at least 15 of
  the mixture is perennial ryegrass.

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Kentucky bluegrass  Poa pratensis
                                           
                                           

• Identifying tips
• A dark-green, medium-textured turf. The new
  leaves are folded in the bud,
• Kentucky bluegrass produces a dense turf.
• Maintenance
• Moderate to high maintenance.
• Tolerate cold winters but has a relatively low
  tolerance for heat
• Moderately drought tolerant.
• During the summer months if stressed for water,
  Kentucky bluegrass can go dormant.
• It has moderate wear tolerance, recovering
  quickly from some abuse.

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Annual ryegrass  Lolium multiflorum
Also known as Italian ryegrass or winter grass,

• Qualities
• a cool-season grass well adapted to sunny
  conditions and moderate temperatures.

• it is often sown at high rates to over seed
  warm-season turf grasses for fall, winter, and
  early spring color or to provide temporary cover
  for soil stabilization.
• It is not otherwise used for turf.
• Annual ryegrass dies in the late spring to early
  summer.
• It often turns yellow and dies before warm-season
  grasses come out of dormancy.

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Annual ryegrass  Lolium multiflorum
Collar of annual ryegrass
Overall plant structure of annual ryegrass
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Annual ryegrass  Lolium multiflorum

• Identifying tips
• A coarse, shiny lime-green grass.
• Leaves are rolled in the bud and long, narrow
  claw-like auricles are present.
• Annual ryegrass is a bunchgrass with an upright
  growth habit and shallow roots.
• Maintenance
• Moderate to high maintenance.
• Has low tolerance for drought, shade, and extreme
  high and low temperatures.
• It is only moderately wear resistant.

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Zoysiagrass  Zoysia spp.                         
                  

• Qualities
• It is a warm-season grass
• adapted to warm climates.
• slow to become establish
•  Zoysia spp. is very water efficient with few
  pest problems.
• It prefers full sun but will tolerate some
  shade.
• Zoysiagrass forms a thick turf, prickly to the
  touch.

Collar of zoysiagrass
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Zoysiagrass  Zoysia spp.                         
                  

• Two common species
• Zoysia tenuifolia, a fine-leafed dwarf plant used
  as ground cover,
• Zoysia japonica, a Japanese lawn grass that is
  very drought tolerant.
• 'Emerald', 'El Toro', 'Victoria', and 'DeAnza'
  are new varieties that tend to become established
  quickly.

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Zoysia grass  Zoysia spp.                        
                   

• Identifying tips
• fine to medium-textured, dark-green grass.
• The leaf is rolled in the bud, there are no
  auricles, and the ligule is a fringe of hairs.
  The leaf blade is stiff, short, narrow, and
  pointed.
• Zoysia grass is a low-growing grass that spreads
  by stolons and rhizomes.
• It is uniform, dense grass turns brown when it
  goes dormant during winter.
• Maintenance
• Low maintenance.
• high tolerance for heat, drought, and heavy
  traffic.
• tolerate some shade.
• requires little nitrogen, however it retains
  better color during cool weather if fertilized
  during the fall.
• difficult to mow evenly.

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Hard fescue  Festuca longifolia
                                           
                                           
                                           
Collar of hard fescue
Overall plant structure of hard fescue

• Qualities
• Hard fescue is a cool-season grass often used in
  cool-season grass seed mixtures when shade is an
  expected problem.
• It does well on low fertility soils and in shaded
  areas.
• This species is good as a non-mowed turf for
  slopes, median strips, and non used areas of
  parks.
• It does not recover well from severe injury.
• It is not tolerant of high summer temperatures.

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• Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed grayish to dark-green grass.
• The leaves are folded in the bud, there are no
  auricles, and a membranous ligule is present.
• Hard fescue is a bunch grass with a semi-erect
  growth habit and heavy roots.
• Maintenance
• Low maintenance. Hard fescue is often not mowed
  and can be left unmowed (it doesn't respond well
  to close mowing).
• It has a low fertility requirement and has a high
  tolerance for drought, shade, and cold
  temperatures.

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Seashore paspalum  Paspalum vaginatum
                                           

• Seashore paspalum is a very salt tolerant
  warm-season grass with desirable turf grass
  characteristics.
• This specialty grass is sometimes used in
  warm-season areas where either the soil or
  irrigation water has a high salt content.
• It does well near the ocean where it is subject
  to saltwater.
• Improved cultivars have been developed.

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Seashore paspalum  Paspalum vaginatum
                                           

• Identifying tips
• A medium to coarse-bladed grass
• dense root system and an aggressive growth habit.
• This light to medium-colored grass spreads by
  rhizomes.
• Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance.
• Seashore paspalum requires moderate amounts of
  water and fertilizer and needs frequent mowing to
  maintain a low cut.
• This species is hard to mow and is somewhat slow
  to recover from mowing damage.
• It has a high tolerance for heat and salt and
  will tolerate some shade.
• Seashore paspalum can tolerate some traffic and
  can recover quickly from moderate wear during
  spring and summer.

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Buffalo grass  Buchloe dactyloides
                                           

• Qualities
• Buffalo grass is a warm-season grass
• most drought-resistant grasses,
• relatively low turf quality,
• low shade tolerance, and
• relatively high seed and sod cost.

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Buffalo grass  Buchloe dactyloides
                                           

• Identifying tips
• fine-textured grayish-green grass.
• low-growing grass and spreads by stolons
• Maintenance
• Very low maintenance.
• survive with very little fertilizer, water, and
  mowing.
• drought resistant
• If not irrigated, will turn brown during the
  summer
• it will recover well once irrigation has resumed.
  
• very shade intolerant.
• Many cultivars of this species can survive cold
  winter temperatures through dormancy.
• Mowing before emergence from winter dormancy will
  remove brown, dead foliage and hasten spring
  green-up.

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Rough bluegrass  Poa trivialis
                                           

• Qualities
• best adapted to wet, cool and shady areas.
• A cool-season grass, it is sometimes used for
  shaded turf in the fog belt areas and
• can be used to overseed dormant bermudagrass.

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Rough bluegrass  Poa trivialis
                                           

• Identifying tips
• A fine-bladed yellow-green grass.
• shallow root system and spreads by stolons
• Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance.
• Rough bluegrass requires rich soils and a lot of
  water.
• tolerates low temperatures,
• not tolerate wear, heat or drought.

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Dichondra  Dichondra spp.                        
                    
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Dichondra  Dichondra spp.                        
                    

• Qualities
• Dichondra is a warm-season perennial ground
  cover,
• best adapted for cool coastal conditions.
• grow in partial shade, but does best in full sun.
  
• Because dichondra does not tolerate heavy
  traffic, it is best adapted for small areas
  rather than large lawns or where mowing is
  difficult.
• Broadleaf weed invasions are common and can be
  difficult to manage.
• Identifying tips
• A bright green ground cover with broad, circular
  leaves.
• Dichondra is not a grass, but a low-growing
  broadleaf ground cover.
• Maintenance
• High maintenance for water and fertilizer.
• requires well-drained soil and has a high
  nitrogen requirement.
• It has a low tolerance for salinity, drought, and
  very cold temperatures but tolerates some heat.
• Mowing is a matter of personal preference it may
  either be mowed or remain unmown.
• Dichondra recovers only partially from moderate
  wear.

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Red fescue  Festuca rubra                        
                    

• Qualities
• Red fescue is a cool-season grass
• used in cool, shaded, mountain sites, such as
  camps, resorts, and cabins where low-input of
  mowing, fertilization, and irrigation is desired.
  
• It does not do well in hot climates, except in
  shady, dry situations.
• In areas where Kentucky bluegrass does well, red
  fescue forms an excellent companion grass to
  increase shade tolerance.
• Red fescue germinates and establishes slowly. It
  is moderately wear resistant.

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Red fescue  Festuca rubra                        
                    

• Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed grass with a deep green color.
  
• Red fescue has two distinct growing habits
• Creeping red fescue -spreads very slow by very
  short rhizomes and
• Chewings fescue- is a bunchgrass with an upright
  growth habit.
• Maintenance
• Very low maintenance.
• It does not require much fertilizer and does not
  need excesssof water.
• A high mowing cut is recommended.
• has a high tolerance for cold temperatures and
  shade, moderate tolerance for drought and wear,
  and low tolerance for heat.

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Creeping bent grass  Agrostis stolonifera
                                           
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Creeping bent grass  Agrostis stolonifera
                                           

• Qualities
• Creeping bentgrass is a cool-season specialty
  grass
• primarily used for golf course putting greens,
  lawn bowling greens, and lawn tennis facilities.
• The skill and expense needed to maintain this
  species usually eliminates it as a possible home
  lawn turf.
• It is adapted to cool, humid regions and prefers
  sunny areas but will tolerate some shade.
• It tolerates low temperatures but will discolor
  early in the fall.
• Identifying tips
• A very fine-textured bright green grass.
• Creeping bentgrass is a low-growing grass with a
  shallow root system.
• It spreads by stolons to form a mat or thatch
  layer above the soil line.
• Maintenance
• High maintenance.
• Creeping bentgrass requires frequent watering,
  mowing, aerating, and dethatching, and high
  levels of fertilizer.

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Colonial bent grass  Agrostis capillaris A.
tenuis                                            
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Colonial bent grass  Agrostis capillaris A.
tenuis                                            

• Qualities
• is a cool-season grass that thrives in cool
  coastal weather.
• It does best in cool, humid weather and can
  tolerate some shade.
• Identifying tips
• A very fine-bladed, light-green grass.
• Colonial bentgrass is a soft turf with upright
  leaves and a dense growth.
• It spreads by short rhizomes that may give rise
  to short stolons.
• Maintenance
• Moderate to high maintenance.
• It has a low tolerance for heat, salinity, water
  stress and traffic.
• It requires frequent irrigation, aerating and
  dethatching, and a relatively high level of
  fertilizer.
• Colonial bentgrass is slow to recover from
  moderate wear. 'Highland' is a cultivar of
  colonial bentgrass that tends to have a slightly
  higher tolerance for heat and drought.

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Perennial ryegrass  Lolium perenne
                                           
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Perennial ryegrass  Lolium perenne
                                           

• Qualities
• Perennial ryegrass is a very competitive
  cool-season grass,
• best adapted to coastal regions that have
  moderate temperatures throughout the year.
• It prefers full sun but will tolerate partial
  shade.
• Perennial ryegrass has the highest wear-tolerance
  of any cool-season grass and can tolerate high
  traffic.
• It is often used around homes, schools, and
  parks. Because it germinates quickly, it is often
  used for overseeding winter-dormant bermudagrass
  lawns.
• Its rapid emergence helps to suppress weeds.
• For a more traffic and disease-resistant turf, it
  is often mixed with Kentucky bluegrass.

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Perennial ryegrass  Lolium perenne
                                           

• Identifying tips
• A fine-textured, rich green grass with the leaf
  folded in the bud.
• Leaf margins are parallel, the back of the leaf
  is shiny, and the tips of the leaf blades are
  tapered.
• The collar usually has outgrowths (auricles) that
  clasp the stem.
• Ryegrass may form clumps where marginally
  adapted. There are no rhizomes or stolons.
• Perennial ryegrass has a bunchgrass-type growth
  habit.
• Maintenance
• Moderate to high maintenance.
• It has a moderately low tolerance for heat,
  shade, and drought and a high tolerance for cold
  temperatures.

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Tall fescue  Festuca arundinacea
                                           
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Tall fescue  Festuca arundinacea
                                           

• Qualities
• Tall fescue is a cool-season grass, well adapted
  to sunny or partially shady areas.
• When densely sown, a pure stand forms a moderate
  to coarse-textured lawn that is uniform in
  appearance with good weed and disease resistance.
  
• Tall fescue tolerates warm summer temperatures
  and stays green during cool, but not severe
  winter conditions.
• New varieties that are finer in texture and
  shorter in stature are known as turf-type tall
  fescues and dwarf turf-type tall fescues. Tall
  fescue is a good species to plant for general
  lawn use and is the most common lawn grass in
  California.

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Tall fescue  Festuca arundinacea
                                           

• Identifying tips
• A coarse-textured medium to dark-green grass.
  Leaves are rolled in the bud. It has short,
  rounded auricles, a short membranous ligule, and
  an extensive root system. Because tall fescue has
  a bunch-type growth habit rather than a
  creeping-type, open areas may develop and need to
  be reseeded.
• Maintenance
• Low maintenance. Tall fescue has excellent
  tolerance for heat stress and drought. It will
  tolerate moderate traffic and infrequent mowing.
  This species is not well adapted to high
  altitudes.

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Kikuyugrass   Pennisetum   clandestinum
Collar of kikuyugrass
Overall plant structure of kikuyugrass
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Kikuyugrass   Pennisetum   clandestinum

• Qualities
• Kikuyugrass is a warm-season grass
• spreads quickly and thrives in areas with
  moderate temperatures. I
• tolerate heat and will do well under relatively
  shady conditions.
• It is seldom established as a desired turfgrass.
• It has a low disease incidence and is susceptible
  to cold but is able to recover quickly from
  moderate wear or severe injury.
• Although once considered to be primarily a weed,
  kikuyugrass is now sometimes managed as a turf
  species.
• Identifying tips
• A coarse-textured, light green grass, sometimes
  mistaken for St. Augustinegrass.
• The leaves are folded in the bud, the ligule is a
  fringe of hairs, and there are no auricles.
• It has slightly flattened, hairy leaf sheaths and
  tapering leaf blades with files of hairs.
  Kikuyugrass spreads by its thick rhizomes and
  vigorous stolons.

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St. Augustinegrass  Stenotaphrum secundatum
                                           
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• Qualities
• St. Augustinegrass, along with bermudagrass and
  zoysiagrass, is a warm-season turfgrass. In areas
  where it is well adapted, it is water efficient
  and has few pest problems. St. Augustinegrass is
  used in the most moderate California climate
  zones, along the Southern California coast or in
  coastal valleys. It prefers full sun, but has a
  high tolerance for shade. It grows quickly during
  the summer months, but slows down during the
  spring and fall and enters a dormancy period in
  the late autumn and during the winter months.
  Because St. Augustinegrass is not wear tolerant,
  it is used for lawns and general purpose turf,
  but not for high traffic sports turf.
• Identifying tips
• A broad-bladed, medium-green grass. Leaves are
  folded in the bud, there are no auricles, the
  ligule is a fringe of hairs, and the leaf blades
  are wide with a boat-shaped tip. The leaf sheath
  is flattened and the collar narrows to form a
  short stalk or petiole for the leaf blade. St.
  Augustinegrass has a creeping growth habit and is
  propagated by stolons that form shoots at every
  node. It forms a dense prostrate turf that is
  virtually weed free.
• Maintenance
• Moderate maintenance. St. Augustinegrass requires
  a high amount of nitrogen per year. It has a high
  tolerance for shade and heat but a poor tolerance
  for cold temperatures. It is drought and salt
  tolerant. Thatch is a severe problem. If not
  regularly dethatched, St. Augustinegrass can be
  difficult to mow.

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Turf adaptations and tolerancesnot adapted to
hot climates When planted as a blended turf,
this species can be grown successfully in
warm-season areas if properly managed.
Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates
Turf species Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Temperature adaptation Planting method
Turf species Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/ Traffic Temperature adaptation Planting method
Annual ryegrass Low Low Low Low Low Cool season(CS) Seed
Colonial bentgrass High Low Moderate Low Low (CS) Seed, sod, plugs
Creeping bentgrass High Low Moderate Moderate Low (CS) Seed, sod, plugs
Hard fescue High High High Low Low (CS) Seed, sod
Kentucky bluegrass High Low Moderate Low Moderate (CS) Seed, sod
Perennial ryegrass High Low Low Moderate High (CS) Seed, sod
Red fescue High Mod. High Low Moderate (CS) Seed, sod
Rough bluegrass High Low High Low Low (CS) Seed
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Turf adaptations and tolerances somewhat adapted
to summer heat
Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat Turf species somewhat adapted to summer heat
Turf species Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Temperature adaptation Planting method
Turf species Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/ Traffic Temperature adaptation Planting method
Dichondra Low Low Moderate Low Low Warm-season Seed, plugs
Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat
Turf species Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Temperature adaptation Planting method
Turf species Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic Temperature adaptation Planting method
Bermudagrass Low High Low High High Warm-season Seed, sod, stolons, sprigs, plugs
Buffalograss Moderate High Low Low Low Warm-season Seed, sod, plugs
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Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat Turf species well adapted to summer heat
Turf species Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Temperature adaptation Planting method
Turf species Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic Temperature adaptation Planting method
Kikuyugrass Low High Moderate Moderate High Warm-season Sod, stolons
Seashore paspalum Low Moderate Moderate High Moderate Warm-season Sod, stolons
St. Augustinegrass Low Moderate High High Moderate Warm-season Sod, stolons
Tall fescue Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate-high Cool-season Seed, sod
Zoysiagrass Low - moderate High Moderate-high Moderate High Warm-season Sprigs, sod
Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat. Tall fescue has moderate to high tolerance for heat.
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Turf adaptations and tolerancesnot adapted to
hot climates When planted as a blended turf,
this species can be grown successfully in
warm-season areas if properly managed.
Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates Turf species not adapted to hot climates
Turf species Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance Temperature adaptation Planting method
Turf species Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic Temperature adaptation Planting method
Annual ryegrass Low Low Low Low Low Cool-season Seed
Colonial bentgrass High Low Moderate Low Low Cool-season Seed, sod, plugs
Creeping bentgrass High Low Moderate Moderate Low Cool-season Seed, sod, plugs
Hard fescue High High High Low Low Cool-season Seed, sod
Kentucky bluegrass High Low Moderate Low Moderate Cool-season Seed, sod
Perennial ryegrass High Low Low Moderate High Cool-season Seed, sod
Red fescue High Moderate High Low Moderate Cool-season Seed, sod
Rough bluegrass High Low High Low Low Cool-season Seed
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Bermuda grass
Centipede grass
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St. Augustine
Zoysia
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Bahia
Creeping red fescue
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Tall fescue
Creeping bent
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Annual rye
Kentucky blue
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Winter grass
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• Land Preparation
• The germinated weeds during this period can be
  easily removed before next watering spray non
  selective type of herbicides paraquat/gramaxone(1-
  1.5 lit /ha)800-1000
• After the soil has settled, level the soil by
  filling depressions repeat rolling.
• A gradual slope from the centre to the edges is
  always preferred to facilitate drainage of excess
  water during heavy rains and irrigation drainage.
• In small lawns where the soil is not so sticky
  necessary arrangement of drainage may not be
  necessary.

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PLANTING OF GRASS.

• Planting of grass can be done at anytime of the
  year.
• But in the tropical country like India it is
  better to start the work of planting the grass in
  the beginning of rainy season, because grass
  thus planted will get quicker growth and better
  establishment..

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a KOREAN GRASS.

• This grass is native of Japan and Korea.
• It has recently been introduced in India
• Korean grass has velvety growth besides having
  more tolerance to cold.
• This grass is highly suitable for making lawn in
  small areas and home gardens.

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b DOOB OR BERMUDA GRASS.

• It is used very commonly for making lawn due to
  its faster growth, hardiness, less water
  requirements.
• This grass makes excellent turf.
• it can be grown on any type of soil.

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Method of planting Grasses

1. Seed sowing
2. Dibbling
3. Turfing
4. Bricking
5. Turf plastering
6. Planting on polythene sheet

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1. SEED SOWING.

• Before sowing of seeds divide the entire plot.
• It should be 200 -300sq meter.
• 500 gm Of seed will be required for 200 sq metre
  area.
• The entire amount of seeds should be mixed with
  double the quantity of fine soil.
• Then the soil should be raked over in two
  directions so as to mix the seeds uniformly with
  the soil.
• Then the ground should be rolled..
• Then watering must be done.

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1. SEED SOWING.

• The seeds will germinate within 3-5 weeks.
• After few weeks when the grass attains the
  height of about 4-5 cm the first cutting should
  be done and then the surface is rolled.
• The grass on the lawn should never be allowed to
  grow more than 5 cm.

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2. DIBBLING.

• It is cheapest and slowest method of lawn making
  but it is the most common method.
• A small bunch of grass along with roots and
  little stem is taken.
• Planting is done at a spacing of 7-9 cm apart
  both row to row and plant to plant, preferably
  when the soil is slightly moist.
• The roots spread and grow underground in the
  course of 3-4 months making a fairly compact lawn.

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3. TURFING

• It is also called sod method quickest method of
  forming a lawn.
• Small pieces of well prepared lawn or turf are
  cut into square or rectangular shape preferably.
• Turf is a piece of earth with compact grass on
  it. Selected small piece of grass should be cut
  uniformly thick selected from a place free from
  weeds and grasses along with soil are placed on
  prepared ground side by side closely
• Slightly beat down flat into position.
• Any cavity or interspaces found should be filled
  with fine soil.
• It is the most costly way of making a lawn.

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TURF
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4. BRICKING

• It is done to replace few unhealthy patches in a
  well maintained lawn.
• In this methods pieces of lawn along with soil in
  the shape of bricks are planted and watered
  immediately.

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5. Turf Plastering method

• Grass roots with little stem of 4-5 cm long
  pieces are mixed with garden soil, fresh cow dung
  water and roots i e., rhizomes or stolons of doob
  grass.
• Spread this paste evenly over prepared field
  during raining season.
• It is then covered by 2 cm soil and watered
  regularly.

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6.PLANTING ON POLYTHENE SHEET.

• In this method lawn is grown on thick
  polyethylene (800 gauge thickness)
• First cut the polyethylene into suitable pieces
  of desired dimension.
• Spread a mixture of soil (3-4 cm thick) over the
  polyethylene sheets grow grass on it.
• It can be rolled and taken when temporary effect
  is to be created.

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Maintenance of lawn

• Once the lawn has established it needs
  maintenance.
• To retain of the texture of the turf and its
  uniform colour, the lawn is raked, aerated and
  top dressed with fertilizers kept weed free
  since it is the focal point of any landscape
  design an improperly cared or badly maintained
  lawn can spoil the beauty of the complete garden.
  

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Maintenance of lawn

• Lawn rolling
• Mowing
• Manuring
• Scraping
• Raking
• Watering and
• Weeding

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Rolling

• The purpose of rolling is to bring the grass in
  contact with the soil and also to keep the ground
  levelled
• After the first shower of rain, roll, thoroughly
  with medium roller both ways to make the level
  correct.
• Avoid rolling when the soil is too wet.
• The lawn should be rolled after every weeding or
  at weekly intervals.

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Mowing

• Mowing is the process of cutting turfgrasses
  using lawn mowers to improve aesthetics,
  appearance of area, to provide a good playing
  surface for a game and to control the weed growth

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Moving

• Moving is important operation to get good quality
  and healthy lawn
• Regular mowing of lawn is also as essential as
  watering.
• Moving frequency varies with season and type of
  grass
• Never allow the grass to grow more than 6 cm
  high.
• During winter the lawns require mowing once or
  twice a week.
• Mower Machine used for cutting grass or other
  plants grow in the lawn

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• Mowing frequency The number of times a turf
  grass community is mowed per week, month or
  growing season
• Mowing height The distance at which the ground
  surface at which the turfgrass is cut during
  mowing
• Mowing interval The reciprocal of mowing
  frequency is mowing interval i.e., the number of
  days, week etc., between successive mowing
• Mowing pattern It is the pattern of back and
  forth travel while mowing turf. Pattern may be
  changed regularly to distribute wear and
  compaction to avoid creating grain and to
  create visually aesthetic effects, especially for
  spectaror sports

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ROLLER
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LAWN MOWER
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MOWER CYCLE
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Top dressing and manuring

• For continuous and healthy growth of lawn
  continuous supply of nutrients is important.
• FYM -100kg/ 100m2
• Bone meal-1kg/10m2
• The application of 50gms mixture/sq.mt during
  rainy season (August September) Feb-March
  helps to maintain a good growth of grass.
• The mixture will contain 2 parts CAN, 1 part SSP
  and 1 part of potassium sulphate.
• Spraying of urea _at_2g/litre of water is also
  useful to produce good growth of grass.
• A top dressing of garden soil course sand and
  screened leaf mould with addition to bone meal in
  121 proportion should be applied followed by
  raking and scraping. A quantity of 100kg to
  cover an area of 100 sq.mt to a depth of 2 cm is
  sufficient,
• It can be repeated for every 2-3 weeks.

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Scraping and raking

• Scraping and raking are always beneficial to
  maintain the tenderness of the lawn.
• Due to constant rolling and mowing a hard crust
  forms on the surface and lower part of the grass
  become woody.
• Before rainy season that is May or June the
  entire lawn should be scraped completely with a
  Khurpi followed by raking in both ways.
• If the condition of lawn is good only raking is
  sufficient to loosen soils.
• Then mow the grass thoroughly until the old
  stumps/runners is well trimmed and expose to sun.

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Watering

• Lawn need regular water supply for its continuous
  growth.
• Watering must be thorough and as frequent
  depending upon the weather conditions.
• Frequent watering is beneficial rather than heavy
  watering at long interval.
• Heavy watering may encourage the deep rooting
  weeds to come up

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Irrigation

• Sprinkler irrigation is the best method for
  watering lawn for even distribution of water.
• Pure water should be used as saline or brackish
  water burns the grass specially during summer.
• Winter dew is very beneficial for lawn.

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Weeding

• Weeds compete and make grass and less vigorous.
  Hence, weeds should be controlled either by
  manual weeding or by using chemicals.
• Weeds should be removed at regular intervals as
  and when seen.
• More frequent weeding is required in rainy season
  than in the winter months.
• Weedicide 2,4-D is the most effective chemical
  used for lawn weeding.

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Pests

• Termites Termites attack in summer months
• Termites attack stem roots.
• Management
• Heavy watering
• Application phorate/neem cake or pongamia cake

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Pests

• Whitefly
• Symptoms Green colour turn to pale dull to grey
• CM Spray systemic insecticides.
• Mealy bugs Mostly attacks Bermuda hybrid grass
  in summer months.

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Pests

• Brown patches
• Management
• Drenching of systemic pesticides / phorate.
• Maintain high moisture levels in summer months.

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Brown patches
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Pests

• Root grubs It is minor lawn pest.
• CM Drenching of systemic pesticide.
• Slugs They are seen in water logged conditions
  Can be controlled by liming, or keeping gunny
  bags wetted with salt water

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Diseases

• Damping off It appears mainly due to water
  stagnation and poor drainage of the lawn.
• Fairy ring causal organisms Marasmius
  ordeades, Psalliota compestris, Leipiota
  morgani
• Symptoms
• These fungi cause circular rings on the grass.
  Rings may not be complete with an appearance and
  are of horse shoe shape. Grass turns brown,
  rings, widen in circles from few centi metres to
  meters.
• Control measures Drenching of soil with Bordeaux
  mixture or spraying of copper fungicides like coc
  _at_ 0.3, Blitox _at_ 5g/litre of water.

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Other problems

• Yellowing of lawn
• More prevalent in wet weather
• It is caused by water logging in heavy rainfall
  areas and lack of water.
• Deficiency of Nitrogen.
• Hardening of a soil, which creates oxygen
  deficiency in roots.
• Management
• loosening of soil with help of Khurpi or raking
  reduces yellowing.
• Controlled by drenching with COC or Dithane M-45_at_
  3g/lit or Bavistin 1g/litre

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Other problems

• Frost Injury
• In cold region grass is injured due to frost
• In N India grass is injury is due to frost
• Management
• Spraying of water in the every evening and early
  in the morning after the frost

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Other problems

• Thatching
• Formation of straw like layers of dead stems,
  leaves and roots of grasses is called thatching
• It can be controlled by manual removal
• Earthworms
• Affect lawn by depositing their extreta
• Cause a circular ring of thin coloued or dead
  grass
• Control- Bavistin drenching 1g/l or Dithane
  M-45_at_3g/l, Neem or Pongamia cake _at_500g/sqm
  applied before rainy season
• Termites
• Controlled by application of Phorat/Thimet

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SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
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RAKER
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DISEASES
1 -FAIRY RING.

• This is caused by the soil borne fungi.
• The fungi produce a circular ring like
  appearance on the leaves.
• Rings may not be complete and give the appearance
  like horse shoe.
• This disease can be controlled by drenching the
  soil with blitox_at_ 5 g/litre of water.

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www.lawngrasses.com http//www.lawn.co.uk http//w
ww.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ Bose TK, Maiti RG, Dhua RS
and Das P. 1999. Floriculture and Landscaping.
Naya Prokash. Nambisan KMP.1992. Design
Elements of Landscape Gardening. Oxford IBH.
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