Conceptual Framework of Tourism

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Conceptual Framework of Tourism

• - Aritro Dasgupta

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Tourism Impacts- Conceptualization

• Dynamic No. of people traveling to a destination
• Static No. of people staying at a destination
• Consequential A combination of dynamic static
  where economic, physical social subsystems come
  directly or indirectly in contact with the
  tourist

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Flow of Impacts

• Impacts result from processes of change
• Not a point event but a continuous process
• Not necessarily immediate consequences but part
  of broader process of change which are unexpected
  difficult to predict
• Changes may also be due to external
  uncontrollable factors like wars, natural
  disasters, political /economic causes etc.

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Flow of Impacts

• Expenditure of time money being discretionary,
  there are variations depending on individuals
  choice
• Thus market gets fragmented

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Dynamic Element
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Components of Dynamic Element

• Demand the actual requirement or willingness to
  embark upon tourism activities
• Influencers of demand factors which influence
  the requirement willingness

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Tourism Demand

• Actual Demand the present, existing list of
  travelers
• Potential Demand motivated to do so but unable
  to because of financial or other practical
  constraints
• Deferred Demand will travel if motivated at a
  later date, but presently lack of awareness or
  knowledge of opportunities

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Influencers of Tourism Demand

• Changes in disposable income
• Stress levels
• Mobility
• Level of Education
• Growing Intermediaries

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Influencers of Tourism Demand

• Development of new tools
• Coordination within tourist industry
• Stimulation of demand by converting potential
  deferred demand to actual

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Static Element
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Components of Static Element

• Carrying Capacity
• Economic Capacity

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Carrying Capacity

• It is the maximum number of people who can use a
  site without an unacceptable alteration in the
  physical environment
• No unacceptable decline in quality of experience
  for visitors
• Limit beyond whose threshold, any change induced
  by tourist activity is primarily negative

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Components of Carrying Capacity

• Physical physical damage done to area beyond
  which recovery is improbable
• Social irrevocable damage done to societys
  culture through spread of social contamination
  like usage of drugs, alcoholism etc.

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Economic Capacity

• Space available for various tourism related
  infrastructure development
• Total capital available on land in given area for
  economic development

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Influencers of Carrying Capacity

• Tourist Characteristics
• Destination Characteristics

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Tourist Characteristics

• Socio-economic characteristics of visitors- age,
  gender, income level, racial ethnic background
• Visitor density- number of visitors in a given
  space, level of use
• Length of stay
• Types of tourist activity
• Levels of tourist satisfaction

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Destination Characteristics

• Natural environmental features processes
• Economic structure, development patterns of
  investment
• Social structure, demographic profile of the host
  population, religious affiliations, attitudes
  values towards tourist
• Political organization, political structure, host
  country destination
• Level of tourism development- nature, diversity
  eating-out facilities

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Consequential Element
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Components of Consequential Demand

• Economic Impacts monetary costs and benefits
  which result from the development and use of
  tourist facilities and services
• Physical Impacts alteration to environmental
  capital i.e. soil, air, water etc.
• Social Impact Changes in the lifestyle of local
  community trade-offs involved

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Consequential Element- Carrying Capacity

• Carrying capacity varies across all these three
  factors gives rise to conflicts. A tourist
  activity has positive economic and negative
  physical and social impacts e.g. A new resort in
  a backward area creates jobs. Less availability
  of water (shared with resort) and changing
  lifestyles (employees working in shifts)
  affecting social behavior

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Tourist Buying Decision Characteristics

• No tangible return virtually on the investment.
  (except business travel, where contracts are
  signed or opportunities explored)
• Often substantial expenditure
• Not spontaneous purchase, usually planned in
  advance, considerable financial implications.
• Customers visit websites tourism marketing
  portals
• Tourists travel extra mile to see something
  exotic

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Steps in Decision Making Process

• Felt need or travel desire
• Information collection and evaluation
• Travel agents advertising
• Friends and relatives
• Time and money available
• Cost of various alternatives

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Steps in Decision Making Process

• Travel Decisions
• Destination
• Mode of travel
• Type of accommodation
• Activities
• Travel Preparation bookings, funds organized,
  clothing and equipment decided
• Travel satisfaction evaluation
• expectation versus actual experience
• influence subsequent travel decisions

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Influencers of Tourism Decisions

• Tourist profile
• Travel awareness
• Trip features
• Destinations characteristics

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Tourist Profile

• Socio- economic characteristics
• Behavioural characteristics

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Socio Economic Characteristics

• Age, education, income and previous experiences
  influence attitudes, perceptions and motivations
  and effect decisions.
• Higher disposable incomes travelers prefer
  expensive hotels etc. vice-versa for lower
  income groups
• Elderly people reluctant for mountain climbing
  other adventurous sports

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Influencers of Behavioural Characteristics

• Motivations
• Attitudes
• Needs

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Motivations

• Physical
• Cultural
• Personal
• Prestige status

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Motivations

• Physical Motivations
• Refreshment of body and mind
• Pleasure, fun, romance, excitement
• Health purposes (Medical or voluntary)
• Cultural Motivations
• Curiosity about people and places
• Interest in art, music, architecture
• Interest in historical places
• Experience specific events (e.g Olympics)

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Motivations

• Prestige Status Motivations
• Pursuit of hobbies
• Continuation of education or learning
• Business contacts and professional goal

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Personal Motivations

• Visiting friends and relatives
• Meeting new people, friendship
• Seek new and different experiences
• Desire for a change
• Personal excitement of traveling
• Spiritual reasons (pilgrimage)
• Travelling for travels sake

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Travel Awareness

• Formal sources (Magazines, travel brochures )
• Informal sources (Relatives, friends or other
  travelers )
• Image of potential destination

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Trip Features

• Distance
• Duration of stay in single/multiple
• Time constraints
• Trip cost
• Perceived risk and uncertainty

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Destination Characteristics

• Types of attraction
• Availability and quality of services
• Environmental conditions
• Attributes of the host population
• Practical barriers (customs, immigration,
  security)
• Accessibility
• Host attitudes

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Cohens Classification

• Organized Mass Tourist
• Individual Mass Tourist
• Explorer
• Drifter

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Organized Mass Tourist

• Fixed itineraries
• Planned and guided stops
• Novelty minimum
• Familiarity is at a maximum
• Everything left to the organizer

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Individual Mass Tourist

• Not entirely planned by others
• Some control over his / her itinerary
• Major arrangements made through travel
  intermediary
• Mixes little with members of the host community
• Familiarity is still dominant

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Explorer

• Plan their own trips and try to avoid developed
  tourist attractions as much as possible
• Novelty dominates but tourist does not become
  fully integrated with the host society

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Drifter

• Plan trips alone, visit tourist attractions and
  live with members of the host society
• High involvement in the host culture, sharing its
  shelter, food and habits
• Novelty dominant and familiarity disappears

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Evaluation of Tourism Conceptualization

• Impacts of tourism- outcome of complex array of
  phenomena
• Comprises 2 sets of Frameworks

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First Framework

• Impacts of tourism are the result of interaction
  between tourists and the destination area and its
  population
• Economic, physical and social sub-systems of the
  destinations area have carrying capacities
• Magnitude and direction of tourist impact is
  determined by tolerance limits of each
• Positive impacts are present until limits are
  exceeded when impacts become negative

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Second Framework

• Impacts of tourism are the consequences of
  tourist decisions
• Impacts are dynamic, changing with corresponding
  changes in destination features, trip
  characteristics and the personal and behavioral
  attribute of tourists
• Subsequent modules focus on a detailed
  examination of the consequences of tourist
  decisions on economic, physical and social
  sub-systems in destination areas

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Thank You