hybrid engines

1

• Module 1
• Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Fuels

2
Objective

• Upon the completion of this module, participants
  will be able to describe the use continued
  growth of ethanol ethanol-blended fuels (EBF)
  in the United States.

Copyright 2009, IAFC
3
Introduction

• May 14, 2007
• Tanker overturned burned
• 8,000 gallons
• Driver killed
• Sent burning stream of EBF onto the road below

Baltimore, MD
4
Introduction

• October 20, 2006
• Train derailed while crossing the Beaver River
  railroad bridge
• 86 tank cars loaded with denatured fuel ethanol
• Ignited caught on fire for about 48 hours
• Some of the unburned denatured fuel ethanol was
  released into the river the surrounding soil

Copyright 2009, IAFC
New Brighton, PA
5
Introduction

• Primary automotive fuel is gasoline diesel
• U.S. automobile industry predominantly produced
  gasoline-powered vehicles
• Gasoline diesel are hydrocarbons derived from
  crude oil

Copyright 2009, IAFC
6
Introduction

• Ethanol-blended fuels becoming more substantial
  component of U.S. motor fuel market
• Ethanol blended into nearly 98 of nations fuel
  supply
• Gasoline blended with up to 10 ethanol
• Alternative fuels such as E85 others
• Available throughout the U.S. in all octane
  grades

7
Introduction

• EPAs Renewable Fuels Standard
• Increased usage of renewable fuels like ethanol
  each year until 2022
• By the year 2022, annual production capacity will
  be 36 billion gallons
• Bio-refineries, ethanol production facilities,
  exist in multiple states
• Additional refineries to be built based on
  production needs

8
History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels

• Ethanol was used to power original Model-T Ford!
• Ethanol has been a gasoline additive since late
  1970s
• Primary role was air quality improvement
• Replaced MTBE after ground water contamination
• Secondary role was octane improvement
• Current role is octane, air quality, improved
  domestic energy production

9
History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels

• Late 1980s
• Mandatory oxygenated fuel programs
• Limited to 10 (E10)
• Some states used oxygenates such as ethanol to
  lower carbon monoxide (CO) emissions
• Ethanol is currently the most widely used
  oxygenate
• MTBE banned in most states

10
History of Ethanol-Blended Fuels

• In 2010s
• EPA approved higher level of ethanol that could
  be blended in gasoline
• Current EPA approval is up to 15 by volume
  ethanol allowed in gasoline
• High ethanol content fuels like E85 becoming more
  available

11
Common Ethanol-Blended Fuels

• Common ethanol concentration in fuels
• E10
• 10 ethanol with 90 gasoline
• E85
• 85 ethanol with 15 gasoline
• Common ethanol concentration leaving a
  biorefinery
• Denatured fuel ethanol
• 98 ethanol 2 denaturing agent

12
Summary

• Ethanol has been blended with gasoline since
  early 1970s
• Ethanol use has expanded dramatically in U.S.
  since 2000
• Ethanol industry is meeting current consumption
  needs of the industry