Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

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Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

• Chapter 5

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Sexual Identity

• Determined by an interaction of genetic,
  physiological and environmental factors.
• Conception - combining of chromosomes.
• Egg carries an X sex chromosome.
• Sperm carries either a X or Y chromosome.
• XX provides the blueprint to produce a female.
• XY provides the blueprint to produce a male.

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Sexual Identity

• Gonads - developed at the eighth week of fetal
  life.
• Germ cells.
• Produces the sex hormones.
• Males - testes hormone - testosterone.
• Females - ovaries hormone - estrogen and
  progesterone.
• Puberty - gonadotropins.
• Secondary sex characteristics.

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Hormones and The Reproductive Life Cycle

• Hormones Endocrine glands
• Testes produce androgens - testosterone
• Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
• Cortex of the Adrenal gland
• Pituitary gland

• Embryo differentiation
• 23 pairs of Chromosomes
• Conception
• Presence of the Y chromosome
• Presence of the X chromosome

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Female Sexual Maturation

• Physical maturation.
• Menstrual Cycle - four phases.
• Menses--Days 1-5
• Estrogenic phase--Days 6-13
• Ovulation phase--Day 14
• Progestational phase--Days 15-27

• Menstrual problems
• Dysmenorrhea.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
• Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

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• Male sexual maturation
• 2 years later than girls.
• Physical changes.

• Aging and sexuality
• Menopause
• Decreasing estrogen
• Males
• Gradual decrease of testosterone

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Sexual Function

• Sexual function
• Physiology
• Sexual stimulation
• Physical stimulation
• Psychological stimulation

• Responsible behavior
• Careful decision making
• Communication about intentions
• Sexual activities that both partners agree upon
• The use of Contraception
• The use of safer sex practices to guard against
  STDs
• Taking responsibility for the consequences of
  sexual behavior

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Sexual Health Problems

• Psychological Causes
• Any medical condition that might contribute to
  sexual dysfunction
• diabetes, stress, prescription drugs and/or
  alcohol
• Male - premature ejaculation and retarded
  ejaculation
• Women vaginismus
• Treatment
• Psychosocial - troubled relationships
• Behavioral
• Relaxation and massage techniques

• Biological and Physical conditions
• Women
• Vaginitis
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Men
• Prostatitis
• Testicular cancer

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Gender, Sexuality, and Mass Media

• Influences of Mass media and shaping ideas about
  sexuality and gender roles
• Childhood sexual behavior
• Adolescent sexuality
• Adult sexuality

• Gender - masculinity or femininity.
• Gender Roles - generalizations.
• Androgyny - combination of traditional masculine
  and feminine traits.
• Socialization - process which society transmits
  behavioral expectations.
• Transgender individuals whos appearance,
  characteristics or behavior differs from social
  norms for males and females.

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Sexual Orientation

• Persons preference in sex partners
• Heterosexual
• Homosexual couples
• Bisexuals
• Development of Sexual Orientation
• Biological and genetic factors
• Freudian psychoanalysis - Oedipus complex
• Learning theory
• Complex series of biological and psychological
  interactions

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Expression of Sexuality

• Celibacy
• Autoeroticism
• Foreplay
• Oral-Genital stimulation
• Anal intercourse
• Sexual intercourse

• Important part of an adult life and must be
  practiced responsibly.
• Communication about interactions.
• Sexual activities.
• Privacy.
• Contraception.
• Safer sex practices.
• Sober Sex.
• Responsibility for consequences.

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Deciding to Become a Parent

• Physical health and age
• Financial circumstances
• Relationship with your partner
• Education, career and child care plans
• Emotional readiness
• Social support
• Personal qualities
• Philosophical or religious beliefs

• Preexisting medical conditions.
• Prescription drug/OTC drug use.
• Prior pregnancy or delivery problems.
• Age.
• Smoking, alcohol or other drug usage.
• Any infections?
• Diet.
• Usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES).
• Multiple births.
• Family history of genetic disorders.

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Conception/Fertility

• Conception involves the fertilization of a
  womens egg by a mans sperm
• Each month a womens ovaries release an egg
• 3-4 days - the egg travels through the fallopian
  tubes
• Egg not fertilized
• Millions of sperm
• Sperm release an enzyme
• Egg and sperm each carry 23 chromosomes

• Treatment for infertility
• Surgery
• Fertility drugs
• Sperm donor
• Assisted Reproduction
• Surrogate Motherhood

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Infertility

• Women
• Blocked fallopian tubes
• Pelvic Inflamm. Disease
• Endometriosis
• Hormonal imbalance
• Uterine Growths
• Allergic responses to sperm
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Toxic chemicals or radiation

• Men
• Low sperm count
• Poor motility
• Blocked passageways
• Toxic substances
• Smoking
• Drugs
• Testicular injury
• Infections
• Birth defects
• High Temperatures

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Pregnancy

• 13 week trimesters
• Tests
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• Early signs and symptoms
• Missed menstrual period
• Softening of the uterus
• Hagers sign

• Uterus size
• Forth Month
• Breast changes
• 8th week
• 10th week
• colostrum
• Muscles and Ligaments loosen
• Weight Gain

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Changes During the Later Stages of Pregnancy

• Increased needs placed on the mother.
• Braxton hicks contractions.
• Lightening.
• Emotional responses to Pregnancy.

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Fetal Development

• First Trimester
• Blastocyst
• Embryo - End of second week
• Outermost shell
• All major body structures are formed between 2nd
  and 9th week
• 2nd Month - Fetus
• Second Trimester
• Fetus grows to about 14 inches and 2 pounds
• Third Trimester
• Fetus gains protective fat layers, Respiratory
  and Digestive organs develop

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Pre-natal care

• Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities
• Ultrasonography
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic Villus sampling
• Triple marker screen (TMS)
• Fetal programming

• Regular medical checkups
• Blood tests
• An appropriate diet
• Avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, and
  any infections that may harm the fetus
• Reasonable exercise
• Preparation for childbirth

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The big event

• Complications
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Spontaneous Abortion, or miscarriage
• Preeclampsia/eclampsia
• Low-birth Weight (LBW)
• Infant Mortality, SIDS

• Choices in childbirth
• Who is going to assist with delivery?
• Where is the baby going to be delivered?

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Labor and Delivery

• Labor and delivery
• Entire process 2-36 hours.
• First stage of Labor.
• 13 hours for a first birth.
• Hormonal changes.
• Contractions.
• Mucus plug is expelled and amniotic sac may
  rupture.
• Transition.

• Childbirth
• Second Stage of Labor
• Baby slowly pushed into birth canal
• Baby squeezes through pelvis
• Head is usually delivered first
• Umbilical cord is cut
• Third Stage of Labor
• Delivery of the placenta
• Apgar Scale of the Baby
• Cesarean deliveries

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Postpartum Period

• 3 months following childbirth.
• Critical family adjustment.
• Vaginal delivery leave hospital 1-3 days.
• Cesarean section 3-5 days.
• Breastfeeding.
• Postpartum depression.

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Enjoy your day!