Documenting Sources: Chapter 17

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Documenting Sources Chapter 17

• A PowerPoint Presentation developed by Cherie
  Dargan, 11/8/2000

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Overview

• Well begin with some review from our discussion
  about annotation and the Water article handout
• Next, well look at the history of documentation
• Finally, well highlight chapter 17

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Reviewthere are 3 Ways to use sources

• Summary a brief, condensed version
• Paraphrase restated in your own words (to
  simplify and clarify)
• Direct quote use sparingly

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Always cite your source!

• No matter HOW you use a source (book, magazine
  article, website, interview), you need to let
  your reader know that it isnt your idea
• Identify source to avoid plagiarism

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What is Plagiarism?

• It is stealing someone elses ideas.
• Some people do it on purpose, while others do it
  out of ignorance.

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A short history of Documentation

• First, there were footnotes. Each time you used a
  source, you had a footnote about it at the bottom
  of the page.
• Now, they are used only in some journals and
  doctoral programs.

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History, continued!

• Next came the endnote. This began as a way to
  make it easier for writers and readers.
• All of the footnotes were collected at the very
  end of the document.

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Still More History!

• Finally, we got smart. Who reads footnotes or
  endnotes?? We made it even simpler.
• The newest style is the in-text citation, also
  called internal or parenthetical documentation.

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3 Things You Dont Need to Acknowledge

• Common knowledge (historical facts)
• Familiar sayings (clichés like have a nice
  day!)
• Well known quotes (Harry Trumans saying, the
  buck stops here!)

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Bibliography

• This is the old term for a list of sources that
  appears at the end of a paper.
• MLA -- Works Cited
• APA -- References
• Both are alphabetical, using the authors last
  name. If there is no author, use the first word
  of the title.

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Okay, lets look at chapter 17 now
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There are two main styles

• MLA
• Modern Language Association
• Used for English, Lit, and Humanities papers
• (Post 125)

• APA
• American Psychological Association
• Used for Psychology Sociology papers
• Also called author/year style.
• (Post, 1997, p. 125)

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MLA

• Include this information
• Authors name, title, publication source, year,
  and page.
• See the Hacker Handbook, Tab M, for many
  examples, and a sample essay.

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APA

• Includes all of the same information, but puts
  the year after the authors name in parentheses.
• Post (1997)
• See Hacker Handbook, Tab A, for examples and a
  sample paper.

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Sample entries

• See page 573 for some examples of MLA and APA
  documentation styles side by side
• There is a list of essays using both styles with
  chapter references

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Blending sources into your writing

• Notice the section on pages 573-574 that
  discusses three strategies
• Paraphrasing what does it mean and when do you
  use it?
• Summarizing how is it different from a
  paraphrase?
• Quote why is a shorter quote often better?

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Sample passages

• See page 574
• There is an original passage
• Then a paraphrase
• Finally, a summary

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Cite the author

• Whether you summarize, quote or paraphrase, you
  need to identify, or cite, the author
• You can signal this several ways
• Brown points out..
• Brown states
• According to Brown,

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Two kinds of quotes

• Short quotes
• These can be inserted into your own sentences
• You should still indicate the quoted portion with
  quotation marks

• Long quotes
• Long quotes are considered over four lines
• In your paper, you will skip the quotation marks
  and set off an extra ten spaces from the left

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More on quotes

• See the examples in the text, pages 576-578
• You can place the quote into various places in
  the sentence
• To shorten a quote, use ellipses (a set of
  periods with a space before and after. . .) to
  get rid of material not needed for your purposes

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In-text citations

• This means that when you use a source, you should
  identify it WITHIN the text
• According to Dr. Smith, half of all students
  procrastinate writing papers (34).
• The citation is the material in parentheses this
  is the page number that the information can be
  found on. The author is already known.

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Other kinds of citations

• If the author is NOT mentioned, you should
  include it in the parentheses.
• Half of all students procrastinate (Smith 34).
• This is an example of the MLA style of citations.

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APA citations

• Here is that citation in APA style.
• According to Dr. Smith (1999), half of all
  students procrastinate writing papers (p. 34).
• If the author isnt named
• Half of all students procrastinate writing papers
  (Smith, 1999, p. 34).

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End of the document

• MLA the last page is called the Works Cited
  Page
• APA the last page is called References
• Both documentation styles arrange the sources in
  alphabetical order, by the authors last names

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MLA and APA Examples

• Books pages 582-587
• Articles in periodicals pages 587-589
• This includes magazines, journals, and newspapers
• Miscellaneous sources pages 589-591
• On-line and electronic sources pages 591-595

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APA Examples On-line

• See page 595-596
• There are a variety of examples of different
  kinds of sources

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Sample APA MLA papers

• See page 598-599 for a checklist of features for
  both MLA and APA style papers
• A sample MLA paper is found on pages 599-609
• A sample APA paper is found on pages 610-619