Hormones

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Hormones

• chemical substances produced in small quantities
  in one part of an organism and then transported
  to another part of an organism where they bring
  about a physiological response

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Target Cells

• have receptors that allow them to recognize the
  hormone and respond

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Hormone Action

• Depends on
• Which hormone
• the effect on the target cells

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Figure 45.4 One chemical signal, different
effects
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Site of Hormone Production

• In animals
• usually produced in specialized tissue that
  serves only to produce hormones
• In plants
• produced by tissue that is also used for some
  other function (in the apical meristem, in seeds,
  in fruits etc)

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Auxin

• -increases the plasticity of cell walls and
  promotes elongation of stems
• -involved in the response of plants to light
  (phototropisms)

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Figure 39.4 Early experiments of phototropism
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Figure 39.5 The Went experiments
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Plant Hormones

• Five major types
• Typically work together to control various
  aspects of plant growth, reproduction and
  development

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Plant Hormones

• Five major types
• 1. Auxins
• promotes growth, stem elongation, cell division
• Promotes lateral bud dormancy

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Plant Hormones

• Five major types
• 2. Cytokinins
• promotes cell division (with auxin)
• Promotes bud formation (lateral buds when auxin
  not present)

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Figure 39.8 Apical dominance with apical bud
(left), apical bud removed (right)
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Plant Hormones

• Five major types
• 3. Gibberellins
• promotes stem elongation
• Speed seed germination

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Figure 39.10 Treating pea dwarfism with a growth
hormone
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Plant Hormones

• Five major types
• 4. Ethylene
• controls leaf, flower and fruit abscission and
  fruit ripening
• 5. Abscisic acid
• promotes leaf senescence, controls stomatal
  closure and seed dormancy

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Hormones in Animals

• secreted by
• specialized nerve cells called neurosecretory
  cells
• neurons that receive signals from other neurons
  and respond by releasing hormones
• specialized cells called endocrine cells
• usually organized into an endocrine gland

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Glands

• Secretory organs
• Endocrine glands
• Produce hormones and secrete them into body
  fluids
• Are ductless
• Exocrine glands
• Produce variety of substance
• Convey them directly to the target via ducts

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Figure 45.5 Human endocrine glands surveyed in
this chapter
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Chemical messengers in Animals

• Hormones
• Secreted by endocrine glands and carried by
  circulatory system
• Neurotransmitters
• Secreted by neurons and affect next cell
• Paracrine Regulators
• Secreted by cells and act within the same organ

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Hormones

• lipophilic
• Fat soluble
• Easily enter cell and bind to receptors in the
  cytoplasm or nucleus
• Steroid hormones
• Lipophobic (polar)
• Cannot cross cell membrane
• Bind to membrane receptors
• Need secondary messengers

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Vertebrate Hormone Example

• Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas
• Control of blood glucose levels
• Alpha cells produce glucagon (raises blood
  glucose level)
• Beta cells produce insulin (takes glucose out of
  the blood)
• Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones

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Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by
insulin and glucagon
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Anterior Pituitary Gland

• master gland
• Many tropic hormones
• That stimulate growth in their target organs

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Figure 45.6b Hormones of the hypothalamus and
pituitary glands
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Invertebrate Hormone Example

• Molting in Insects

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Figure 45.2 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (Layer 1)
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Figure 45.2 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (Layer 2)
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Figure 45.2 Hormonal regulation of insect
development (Layer 3)
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Interaction of Nervous System and Endocrine System

• often cooperate and interact to maintain
  homeostasis of the individual
• some endocrine glands are controlled by the
  nervous system

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Nervous System Endocrine System

• More structurally complex
• Network of neurons branching throughout the body
• Neurons conduct electrical signals directly to
  the target
• Very fast conduction of signal

• less complex
• organized into glands
• hormones released into the blood and travel
  throughout the body but only affect target
• may take minutes to hours to days for response to
  occur