Glands and Hormones

1
Glands and Hormones
2
(No Transcript)
3
Slide 9.23a

• A. Thyroid Gland

• Found at the base of the throat
• Butterfly shaped
• Produces two hormones
• 1)Thyroid hormone
• 2) Calcitonin

4

• Thyroid Gland

5

• 1) Thyroid Hormone

• Major metabolic hormone
• Requires iodine to produce thyroid hormones
• Goiter - swelling of the thyroid as a result of
  iodine deficiency

6
Imbalance of Thyroid Hormone Hyperthyroidism -
Too much thyroid hormone a) result
nervousness, higher body temp., increased
heart and metabolic rates, and weight loss
7
b) treatment radioactive iodine or surgical
removal of part of the thyroid gland c) Graves
disease
8
Hypothyroidism - not enough thyroid hormone
a) result lower metabolic rates and body temp.,
lack of energy, and weight gain b)
treatment supplementary thyroid hormone
9
(No Transcript)
10

• 2) Calcitonin

• Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its
  deposition on bone
• Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

11

• B. Parathyroid Glands

• Tiny masses toward the back of the thyroid
• Two per lobe

12

• Parathyroid hormone
• Stimulate cells to remove calcium from bone,
  raising calcium levels in the blood

13

• C. Adrenal Glands

• Sits on top of the kidneys
• Two sections
• 1) Cortex outer region
• 2) Medulla inner region

14

• 1) Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

• a) Cortisol released in response to long term
  stress
• - increases blood pressure, blood sugar
• - decreases immunity
• b) Target the kidneys to regulate water and
  salts

15

• 2) Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

• Produces two similar hormones
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
• These hormones prepare the body to deal with
  short-term stress
• fight or flight response

16
Fight or Flight regulated by sympathetic
nervous system
17
(No Transcript)
18

• D. Pancreas

• a mixed gland that produces
• a) hormones b) digestive enzymes

19

• Hormones maintain blood sugar levels
• Insulin allows glucose to enter cells
• Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose

20

• Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar

21

• E. Pineal Gland

• Found toward the middle of the brain
• Secretes melatonin
• Establishes the bodys wake and sleep cycles
• Other functions??

22

• F. Thymus

• Located behind the sternum, gets smaller with age
• Produces thymosin
• Matures some types of white blood cells
• Important in developing the immune system

23
Slide 9.36

• G. Ovaries

• 1) Estrogen
• Stimulates the development of secondary female
  characteristics
• Matures female reproductive organs
• Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized
  egg
• Helps maintain pregnancy
• Prepares the breasts
• to produce milk

24
(No Transcript)
25

• 2) Progesterone
• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual
  cycle
• Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the
  uterus

26
(No Transcript)
27

• H. Hormones of the Testes

• Testosterone
• Responsible for
• -adult male secondary sex characteristics
• -growth and maturation of male reproductive
  system
• -sperm cell production

28

• Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System

• Menopause is brought on by decreased function of
  the ovaries
• Problems associated with reduced estrogen are
  common
• Many endocrine glands decrease output with age