Weather Factors

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Weather Factors
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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• In what forms does energy from the sun travel to
  Earth?
• What happens to the suns energy when it reaches
  Earth?

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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Energy From the Sun
• Electromagnetic Waves a form of energy that can
  move through the vacuum of space
• Radiation the direct transfer of energy by
  electromagnetic waves

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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth
  in the form of visible light and infrared
  radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet
  radiation.

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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Visible Light
• Non-Visible Light
• Infrared Radiation a form of electromagnetic
  energy that has longer wavelengths than red light
• Ultraviolet Radiation an invisible form of
  energy with wavelengths that are shorter than
  violet light.

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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Energy in the Atmosphere
• Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the
  atmosphere before it can reach the surface. The
  rest passes through the atmosphere to the
  surface.
• Scattering light is reflected in all directions
  by dust particles and gases

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Energy in Earths Atmosphere

• Energy at Earths Surface
• When Earths surface is heated, it radiates most
  of the energy back into the atmosphere as
  infrared radiation.
• Greenhouse Effect the process where gases hold
  heat in the air

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Heat Transfer

• How is temperature measured?
• In what three ways is heat transferred?
• How is heat transferred in the troposphere?

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Heat Transfer

• Thermal Energy and Temperature
• Temperature the average amount of energy of
  motion of each particle of a substance
• Thermal Energy the total amount of energy of
  motion of each particle of a substance

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Heat Transfer

• Measuring Temperature
• Air temperature is usually measured with a
  thermometer.
• Temperature Scales

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Heat Transfer

• Converting Units

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Heat Transfer

• How Heat is Transferred
• Heat the transfer of thermal energy from a
  hotter object to a cooler object
• Heat is tranfered in three ways radiation,
  conduction, and convection

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Heat Transfer

• Radiation
• Conduction the direct transfer of heat from one
  substance to another substance that is touching
• Convection the transfer of heat by the movement
  of a fluid

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Heat Transfer

• Heating the Troposphere
• Radiation, conduction, and convection work
  together to heat the troposphere.
• Convection Current the upward movement of warm
  air and the downward movement of cool air

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Winds

• What causes wind?
• How do local winds and global winds differ?
• Where are the major global wind belts located?

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Winds

• What is Wind?
• Wind the horizontal movement of air from an
  area of high pressure to an area of lower
  pressure
• Winds are caused by differences in air pressure.

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Winds

• Measuring Wind
• Anemometer an instrument that measures wind
  speed

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Winds

• Wind-Chill Factor the increased cooling a wind
  can cause

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Winds

• Local Winds winds that blow over short
  distances
• Local winds are caused by the unequal heating of
  Earths surface within a small area.

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Winds

• Sea Breeze a local wind that blows from an
  ocean or lake
• Land Breeze the flow of air from land to a body
  of water

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Winds

• Global Winds winds that blow steadily from
  specific directions over long distances
• Like local winds, global winds are created by the
  unequal heating of Earths surface. But unlike
  local winds, global winds occur over a large
  area.

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Winds

• Global Convection Currents
• The Coriolis Effect
• Coriolis Effect the curve in winds due to
  Earths rotation

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Winds

• Global Wind Belts
• The major global wind belts are the trade winds,
  the polar easterlies, and the prevailing
  westerlies.

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Winds

• Horse Latitudes
• Latitude the distance from the equator,
  measured in degrees

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Winds

• Trade Winds
• Prevailing Westerlies
• Polar Easterlies

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Winds

• Jet Streams bands of high-speed winds about 10
  kilometers above Earths surface

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Water in the Atmosphere

• What is humidity and how is it measured?
• How do clouds form?
• What are the three main types of clouds?

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Water Cycle the movement of water between the
  atmosphere and Earths surface
• Evaporation the process by which water
  molecules in liquid water escape into the air as
  water vapor

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Humidity a measure of the amount of water vapor
  in the air
• Relative Humidity the percentage of water vapor
  that is actually in the air compared to the
  maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Measuring Relative Humidity
• Relative humidity can be measured with an
  instrument called a psychrometer.
• Psychrometer an instrument used to measure
  relative humidity

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Water in the Atmosphere

• How Clouds Form
• Clouds form when water vapor in the air condenses
  to form liquid water or ice crystals.

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Condensation the process by which molecules of
  water vapor in the air become liquid water

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Water in the Atmosphere

• The Role of Cooling
• Dew Point the temperature at which condensation
  begins
• The Role of Particles

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Types of Clouds
• Scientists classify clouds into three main types
  based on their shape cirrus, cumulus, and
  stratus. Clouds are further classified by their
  altitude

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Cirrus Clouds wispy, feathery clouds
• Cumulus Clouds clouds that look like fluffy,
  rounded piles of cotton
• Stratus Clouds clouds that form in flat layers

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Water in the Atmosphere

• Altocumulus and Altostratus
• Fog

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Precipitation

• What are the common types of precipitation?
• How is precipitation measured?

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Precipitation

• Precipitation any form of water that falls from
  clouds and reaches Earths surface

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Precipitation

• Types of Precipitation
• Common types of precipitation include rain,
  sleet, freezing rain, snow, and hail.

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Precipitation

• Rain
• Sleet
• Freezing Rain
• Snow
• Hail

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Precipitation

• Modifying Precipitation
• Droughts long periods of unusually low
  precipitation
• Cloud Seeding a method of modifying
  precipitation

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Precipitation

• Measuring Precipitation
• Scientists measure precipitation with various
  instruments, including rain gauges and measuring
  sticks.

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Precipitation

• Snowfall Measurement
• Rain Measurements
• Rain Gauge an open-ended can or tube that
  collects rainfall

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Weather Factors

• Review