Memory

1
Memory

• 3 Stages of memory
• Theories of Forgetting
• Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony

2
Information Processing

• Atkinson Shiffrin 3 System Model
• Levels-of-Processing Theory

3
Information Processing

• Atkinson Shiffrin 3 System Model
• Levels-of-Processing Theory

4
So what happened w/ John?

• 1. John worked hard at the office that day.
• 2. On his way home from the office, John stopped
  at a convenience store.
• 3. John stopped at the convenience store at noon.
  
• 4. John was a smoker.

5
Information Processing

• Atkinson Shiffrin 3 System Model
• Levels-of-Processing Theory

6
Information Processing

• Atkinson Shiffrin 3 System Model
• Levels-of-Processing Theory

7

• 11. While the cash register originally contained
  money, the story does not say how much.
• 12. The heavy-set man left the store with the bag
  under his arm.
• 13. A crime was committed at the convenience
  store.

8
The Recall Task

• Name the nine planets
• Hint there are 9

9
Recognition

• Now look at the list below
• Venus, Aries, Taurus, Virgo, Pluto, Junius,
  
• Aurora, Mercury, Neptune, Gemini, Celica,
• Earth,Astrid, Saturn, Halleius, Mars,
  Jupiter, Apollo, Uranus.
• Are you able to remember more names?

10
Basic Memory Processes

• Encoding information is encoded into memory
• Storage-retain info over time
• Retrieval-get information back
• Most problems are probably with retrieval

11
3 Stages of Memory

• Sensory Register
• Short-term Memory (STM)
• Long-term Memory (LTM)
• Model proposed by Atkinson Schiffrin

12
Sensory Register

• Holds exact copy of a sensory event very briefly
• Visual image ¼ second
• Sound vivid ¼ second weak 4 seconds
• Capacity? Vast

13
Short-term Memory (STM)

• Brief storage 15-30 seconds
• Rehearsal can increase the length of time
• Capacity 7 or 2
• Chunking can increase
• Phone numbers 303-566-4446
• Chunking in real life
• Why were phone numbers 7 digits? The magic
  number 7 (above).

14
Long-Term Memory (LTM)

• Capacity unlimited
• Duration some memories are permanent
• Retrieval
• information is organized, indexed
• retrieval cues

15
Retrieval problem

• Name the following
• Fluid part of the blood
• Picture form of Egyptian writing
• Game where you snap small plastic disks into
  container
• Zig-zag rim used to decorate clothing
• Small shelled ocean animal that attaches itself
  to rocks and ships

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Retrieval Cues

• Cant remember NOT because it isnt in LTM but
  because you couldnt find it
• With the cue, you could find it so it was not
  gone.
• When you remember something after a test, a sign
  it was there but badly retrieved by you

17
Features of LTM

• Memory is for meaning, not details
• Bulk of items is stored semantically
• Shouldnt try to memorize but encode meaning

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4sure 3think so 2new 1sure new word

• Eye thimble stick
• Pin haystack purple
• Point thread sewing
• Hurt needle injection
• Straw sharp nurse
• Syringe shot
• pain

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3 Types of LTM

• Procedural how to do things
• Episodic specific experiences and information
• Semantic-meanings of words, concepts, facts.

20
Look at your needle list

• Did you remember the words I said first best?
• you should
• Recall the beginning of a list best
• Called the Primacy effect

21
Recency Effect

• Recall end of list
• Linked to STM
• Items in middle arent there anymore.

22
Rehearsal

• Maintenance rehearsal-mental or verbal repetition
  of information to maintain it beyond its STM 30
  seconds.
• Have to keep repeating, cant be interrupted
  while doing this
• Dont try this as a study strategy

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Elaborative Rehearsal

• Focusing on the meaning of information to try to
  get it into LTM
• Even if you have to impose meaning on something
  do it for it will be easier to learn.
• Droodles example.

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Levels of Processing Framework

• Information processed at a deeper level will be
  retained
• Deep processing involves the meaning of the new
  information
• Think about the implications of the material, try
  to generate some examples of your own, actively
  question new material.

25
Context effect

• Tendency to remember information more easily when
  you try to retrieve it in the same place you
  learned it
• Lets hope final is in this room.
• Study as close to conditions as possible.

26
State Dependent Effects

• Mood and internal state ma also provide retrieval
  cues
• Effects are weak and only for free recall but
• If you were drinking when you witnessed an
  accident, may actually get better retrieval when
  drinking again.

27
Flashbulb memories

• Incredibly vivid memories about distinct events
• Depending on your cohort- Pearl Harbor, V-E day,
  JFK assassination, Challenger explosion, or 9-11
• Actually this appear to be subject to distortion
  and fading just as with all memories
• Confidence is higher, accuracy may not be.

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Why do we forget?

• Incomplete encoding
• LTM decay
• LTM retrieval problems including interference
  from other memories
• We intended to.

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Two types of interference

• Retroactive interference-new memories interfere
  with older memories
• Proactive interference-older memories interfere
  with new memories.

30
Story info

• 1. The little girl was a problem child from
  birth.
• 2. She was deaf and blind.
• 3.She had long and curly red hair.
• 4. Her parents were concerned about her mental
  health.
• 5. She married and had 7 children.
• 6. Her parents hired a private teacher for her.
• 7. Her difficulties stemmed from an emotional
  disturbance.

31
Reconstruction theory

• Memories are reconstructed during retrieval
• We remember how it usually goes
• We fill in the blanks.

32
Words used to prompt recall can affect recall

• Loftus vehicle study
• Word used Estimated speed
• Contacted 32 mph
• Hit 34 mph
• Bumped 38 mph
• Collided 39 mph
• Smashed 41 mph

33
Eyewitness Memory

• Loftus eyewitness memories are unreliable.
• Reconstruction of memories influenced by leading
  questions
• Eyewitness identifications particularly suspect
• Exceptionally bad when they are cross-racial

34
Amnesia

• Retrograde
• memory loss for past info
• Anterograde
• inability to store new information
• Case of H.M. in book is anterograde.

35
What amnesia tells us about memory

• STM and LTM do seem to be based on different
  mechanisms
• Procedural and episodic memory are distinct
• (he could remember a job skill, but not that he
  had a job).

36
Mnemonics

• Memory aids
• Typically use vivid imagery
• Examples
• method of loci
• acronyms (Homes, Roy G. Biv)

37
What you can do for your loser memory

• 1. Study more often to boost cues for LTM.
• 2. Actively think about the material, esp. how
  to apply it.
• 3. Make it more personally meaningful.
• 4. Test your own knowledge (rehearses it, gives
  cues, and determines what you dont know).
• 5. Organize, organize, organize.

38
So what happened w/ John?

• 1. John worked hard at the office that day.
• 2. On his way home from the office, John stopped
  at a convenience store.
• 3. John stopped at the convenience store at noon.
  
• 4. John was a smoker.

39
5. John purchased a pack of cigs.

• 6. John made a date w/ the store clerk.
• 7. The store clerk was female.
• 8. A heavy-set man entered the store.
• 9. the heavy-set man brought a large canvas bag
  into the store w/ him.
• 10. The heavy-set man brusquely pushed John
  aside.

40

• 11. While the cash register originally contained
  money, the story does not say how much.
• 12. The heavy-set man left the store with the bag
  under his arm.
• 13. A crime was committed at the convenience
  store.