Exploring Space

1
Chapter 22

• Exploring Space

2
Section 2 Early Space Missions

• People have been curious about space since they
  first had a conscience.
• They tried to figure out why the stars seemed to
  move across the sky, why the moon moves the way
  it does, and why some objects streak as fireballs
  across the heavens.
• Not until we figured out how to make the first
  telescope and launch the first rockets did we
  finally feel that space wasnt completely out of
  reach.

3
Rockets

• Regular airplane engines wouldnt work to break
  away from Earths gravity and enter orbit.
• Must be able to travel 11 km/sec (about 21 miles
  per second)
• Must be able to burn fuel in space where there is
  no air.

4
Rockets

• Watch this rocket launch.

5
Types of Rockets

• The two main types of rockets are distinguished
  by the type of fuel they use
• Liquid-propellant
• Solid-propellant

6
Liquid-Propellant Rockets

• Preferred fuel for long-term space missions
  because the fuel can be turned on and shut off.
• Must be mixed with oxygen (necessary for
  combustion) so it will burn where there is no
  air.
• The fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate
  tanks.

7
Solid-Propellant Rockets

• Used for short-term flights into space
• Fuel cannot be shut off once it starts burning.
• Solid-propellant rockets use a rubberlike fuel
  that contains its own oxidizer mixed together.

8
Rocket Launching

• The rocket has a burning chamber with a tube
  where gases from the burning fuel expand and are
  forced down the tube.
• The force of the gases push downward, causing the
  rocket to move upward (Newtons Third Law of
  Motion).
• The Space Shuttle uses both solid and liquid
  fuels to launch and maneuver once it is in orbit.

9
Satellites

• Satellites are launched into space aboard
  rockets.
• The former Soviet Union placed the first
  artificial satellite in space in 1957. It was
  called Sputnik I.
• A satellite is any object that orbits another.
• Satellites must have enough speed to orbit and
  defy gravity, but not too much or they will leave
  orbit.

10
Sputnik I

• Sputnik I was launched to see if it could be
  done.
• This made the U.S. nervous.
• It stayed in orbit for 57 days before gravity
  pulled it to Earth.

11
Sputnik
12
Laika the Dog

• In 1957, Laika became the first animal launched
  into orbit, paving the way for human spaceflight.
  This photograph shows her in a flight harness.

13
Satellite Uses

• Satellites orbit Earth for many reasons.
• Weather tracking
• Communication
• Television
• Radio transmission
• Scientific data gathering
• Spying
• Global Positioning/navigation

14
Real-Time Tracking

• Check out this website to track real satellites!
• Or this one!

15
Space Probes

• A space probe is an instrument that gathers
  information and sends it back to Earth.
• They travel through the solar system.
• They carry
• cameras.
• computers.
• radio transmitters and receivers to send and
  receive data from scientists.

16
Voyager Probes

• Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched in 1977.
• Goals
• Gather information about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
  and Neptune
• Continue on beyond our solar system to gather
  data about space and other stars

Image of Jupiter taken by Voyager 1
17
Pioneer Probes

• Pioneer 10, launched in 1972 was the first probe
  to survive a trip through the asteroid belt.
• It survived to gather data about Jupiter.
• January 2, 2003 was the last signal received by
  Pioneer 10 as it travelled beyond our solar
  system.

18
Galileo

• Galileo was launched in 1989 and reached Jupiter
  in 1995.
• It released a smaller probe that parachuted to
  Jupiter and gathered data before being crushed by
  its atmospheric pressure due to incredible
  gravity.

19
Galileo

• Galileo itself studied Jupiters rings and
  magnetic fields.
• It also studied Jupiters moons.
• Found that its moon Europa may have water on it.
• Found that its moon Io has a volcano that has
  more energy than ALL of Earths volcanoes
  combined!

20
MOON QUEST

• Sputnik was the beginning of mans quest for the
  moon.
• Yuri Gagarin of the former USSR was the first
  human launched into space.
• He orbited and returned safely.
• President Kennedy made the U.S.s goal to reach
  the moon by the end of the 1960s.

21
Project Mercury

• Project Mercury signaled the beginning of our
  objective to reach the moon.
• May 5, 1961 Alan Shepard was the first American
  to travel into space and back.
• 1962 John Glenn was the first American to orbit
  Earth in the Mercury space ship.

John Glenn preparing for his flight aboard Mercury
22
Project Gemini

• Gemini astronauts teamed up to perform special
  maneuvers in space that would be needed for a
  moon flight.
• It was launched by a Titan II rocketa
  liquid-fuel rocket.
• They tested the effects of space on the human
  body.

23
Moon Probes

• Prior to sending humans to the Moon, a series of
  robotic probes was sent.
• Ranger proved that a spacecraft could actually be
  sent to the Moon.
• Surveyor proved that the Moons surface was
  sufficient to support a spacecraft.
• Lunar Orbiter took pictures of the Moons surface
  and helped determine landing sites.

24
Apollo Program

• Project Apollo 1963 1975
• Total of 12 Apollo missions launched by Saturn
  Rockets.
• Apollo 1
• Ended in tragedy January 27, 1967.
• Three astronauts died in a command module fire on
  the launch pad during a launch simulation at the
  Kennedy Space Center .
• There were no Apollos 2 and 3.
• Apollo 4 was actually the first Saturn V launch
  (no astronauts aboard).
• Apollos 5 6 were also unmanned.

25
The Tragedy of Apollo 1
Left to right Grissom, White, Chaffee
Left to right Grissom, White, Chaffee
26
Apollo Program

• Apollo 7, October 11 22, 1968
• 163 Earth orbits in 10 days, 20 hours
• Milestones
• First manned Command Service Module operations in
  the lunar landing program.
• First live TV transmission from manned
  spacecraft.

27
Apollo Program

• Apollo 8, December 21 27, 1968
• 6 days, 3 hours. In lunar orbit 20 hours, with 10
  orbits.
• Milestones
• First manned lunar orbital mission.
• Support facilities tested.
• Photographs taken of Earth and Moon.
• Live TV broadcasts.

28
Apollo Program

• Apollo 9 (Gumdrop and Spider)
• March 3 13, 1969
• Lasted 10 days, 1 hour with 152 orbits.
• Milestones
• First manned flight of all lunar hardware in
  Earth orbit.
• Astronaut Schweickart performed a 37 minutes EVA
  (Extra-Vehicular Activity).
• Human reactions to space and weightlessness
  tested.
• First manned flight of lunar module (LM).

29
Apollo 9 EVA
30
Apollo Program

• Apollo 10 (Charlie Brown and Snoopy)
• May 18-26, 1969
• Lasted 8 days, 3 minutes.
• In lunar orbit 61.6 hours, with 31 orbits.

31
Apollo Program

• More on Apollo 10
• Milestones
• Dress rehearsal for Moon landing.
• First manned CSM/LM (Command and Service Module/
  Lunar Module) operations in cislunar and lunar
  environment.
• Simulation of first lunar landing profile.
• LM taken within 50,000 feet (15,243 meters) of
  lunar surface.
• First live color TV from space.
• LM ascent stage jettisoned in orbit.

32
Earthrise Image taken from Apollo 10
33
Apollo Program

• Apollo 11 (Columbia and Eagle), July 16-24, 1969
• Crew Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin
  E. Aldrin, Jr.
• 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes. In lunar orbit 59.5
  hours, with 30 orbit.

34
Apollo ProgramMore on Apollo 11

• MILESTONES
• First manned lunar landing mission lunar
  surface EVA.
• "HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY BASE HERE. THE EAGLE HAS
  LANDED."--July 20, 1969.
• One EVA of 2 hours, 31 minutes.
• Flag instruments deployed Unveiled plaque on
  the LM descent stage with inscription "Here Men
  From Planet Earth First Set Foot Upon the Moon.
  July 1969 A.D. We Came In Peace For All Mankind."
  
• Lunar surface stay time 21.6 hours LM ascent
  stage left in lunar orbit.
• Gathered 44 pounds (20 kilograms) of material.

35
Apollo 11 Crew
Left to right Armstrong, Collins, Aldrin
36
Apollo 11One Small Step for a Man, One Giant
Leap for Mankind. Neil Armstrong
Watch this!
37
Apollo Program

• Apollo 12 (Yankee Clipper and Intrepid)
• November 14-24, 1969
• Lasted 10 days, 4 hours, 36 minutes. In lunar
  orbit 89 hours with 45 orbits. Lunar surface
  stay-time, 31.5 hours.
• Milestones
• Retrieved parts of the unmanned Surveyor 3, which
  had landed on the Moon in April 1967.
• Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP)
  deployed.
• LM descent stage impacted on Moon.
• Gathered 75 pounds (34 kilograms) of lunar
  material.

38
Apollo 12
39
Apollo Program

• Apollo 13 (Odyssey and Aquarius)
• April 11-17, 1970
• Lasted 5 days, 22.9 hours.
• Milestones
• Third lunar landing attempt.
• Mission aborted after rupture of service module
  oxygen tank.
• Classified as "successful failure" because of
  experience in rescuing crew.
• Empty upper stage successfully impacted on the
  Moon.

40

• The re-entry sequence of Apollo 13

41
Apollo Program

• Apollo 14 (Kitty Hawk and Antares)
• January 31 - February 9, 1971
• Lasted 9 days
• Milestones
• Scientific instruments deployed.
• Lunar surface stay-time, 33.5 hours 67 hours in
  lunar orbit, with 34 orbits.
• Two Extra-Vehicular Activities of 9 hours, 25
  minutes.
• Third stage impacted on Moon.
• Gathered 94 pounds. (42 kilograms) of lunar
  material using hand cart for first time to
  transport rocks.

42
Return of Apollo 14
43
Apollo Program

• Apollo 15 (Endeavor and Falcon)
• July 26-August 7, 1971
• Lasted 12 days, 17 hours, 12 minutes. In lunar
  orbit 145 hours with 74 orbits.
• Lunar surface staytime 66.9 hours.

44
Apollo Program

• More on Apollo 15
• Milestones
• 3 EVAs of 10 hours, 36 minutes.
• Astronaut Worden performed 38 minutes EVA on way
  back to Earth.
• First to carry orbital sensors in service module
  of CSM.
• More scientific instruments deployed.
• Improved spacesuits gave increased mobility and
  stay-time.
• Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), electric-powered,
  4-wheel drive car, traversed total 17 miles (27.9
  km)
• Small sub-satellite left in lunar orbit for first
  time.
• Gathered 169 pounds (6.6 kilograms) of lunar
  material.

45
Lunar Rover of Apollo 15
46
Apollo Program

• Apollo 16 (Casper and Orion)
• April 16-27, 1972
• Lasted 11 days, 1 hour, 51 minutes. In lunar
  orbit 126 hours, with 64 orbits.
• Lunar surface stay-time 71 hours.
• Milestones
• First study of highlands area.
• Selected surface experiments deployed,
  ultraviolet camera/spectrograph used for first
  time on Moon, and LRV used for second time.
• Gathered 213 pounds (95.8 kilograms) of lunar
  material.

47
Apollo 16
48
Apollo Program

• Apollo 17 (America and Challenger)
• December 7-19, 1972
• Lasted 12 days, 13 hours, 52 minutes. In lunar
  orbit 17 hours.
• Lunar surface stay-time 75 hours.
• Milestones
• Three EVAs totaled 22 hours, 4 minutes.
• Last lunar landing mission.
• First scientist-astronaut to land on Moon -
  Schmitt.
• Sixth automated research station set up.
• LRV traverse total 18.9 miles (30.5 km).
• Gathered 243 pounds (110.4 kilograms) of lunar
  material.

49
Image from Apollo 17